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Geography C2 Unit 2(Landform Features along a River Course) (Upper Course,…
Geography C2 Unit 2(Landform Features along a River Course)
Upper Course
Waterfalls and Plunge Pools
Waterfall
More Resistant Rock Overlays Less Resistant Rock--->Erosion
Vertical Drop
Mirror Pool(Plover Cove Country Park)
Plunge Pool
Hydraulic Action/Abrasion--->Erode/Deepen River Bed
Overhanging Rocks Collapsed--->Further Erode/Deepen Plunge Pool
Rapids
River Bed with Relatively Steep Gradient
Gorges
Water Retreat
Less Resistant Rock Eroded Consistently--->Retreat
Nigara Falls
Downcutting
Materials Removed from River Bed
Tectonic Uplift of Landmass
Grand Canyon(USA)
Qutang Gorge(Chang Jiang)
Abrupt Increase in River Discharge
Interlocking Spurs
Vertical Erosion Dominant--->Spurs Cannot Be Eroded Laterally
Flow Follows Natural Winding
Middle Course
Bluffs and Slip off Slopes
Bluff
Steep Slope Created by Lateral Erosion on Concave Bank
Faster Water Velocity
Lateral Erosion Dominant
Slip off Slope
Gentle Slope Created by Fluvial Deposition on Convex Bank
Slower Water Velocity
Deposition Dominant
Meanders
Lateral Erosion on Concave Banks
Ends of Spurs Cut off
Valley Sides Lowered By Mass Wasting/Weathering
Valley Slopes Lowered by Erosion
Lower Course
Meanders and Oxbow Lakes
Bend of Meander Becomes More Acute by Lateral Erosion
Cut-off--->Sealed(Deposition)
Floodplains and Levees
Floodplain
Deposition of Fine Sediments by Repeated Flooding
Kam Tin Floodplain
Levees
Raised Ridge by Coarse Sediments
Braided Streams
Rivers with Large Sediment Loads
Deltas
Formation
Weak Currents at Shallow River Mouth--->Net Deposition
Sediments from the coarsest to the finest in Seaward Direction
Types
Estuarine Delta
Chang Jiang Delta
China
Arcuate Delta
Nile River Delta
Egypt
Bird's Foot Delta
Mississippi Delta
USA