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LEARNING THEORY (CONSTRUCTIVISM (MEANING (Constructivism is a theory that…
LEARNING THEORY
CONSTRUCTIVISM
NOTE
Constructivists do not deny the existence of the real world but contend that what we know of the world stems from our own interpretations of our experiences.
EXPLANATION
Learners do not transfer knowledge from the external world into their memories; rather they build personal interpretations of the world based on individual experiences and interactions.
MEANING
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Even though constructivism is considered to be a branch of cognitivism (both conceive of learning as a mental activity), it distinguishes itself from traditional cognitive theories in a number of ways.
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EXAMPLE
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There is a great focus and emphasis on social and communication skills, as well as collaboration and exchange of ideas.
BEHAVIORISM
NOTE
The learner is characterized as being reactive to conditions in the environment as opposed to taking an active role in discovering the environment.
EXPLANATION
Learning is accomplished when a proper response is demonstrated following the presentation of a specific environmental stimulus.
MEANING
Behaviourism equates learning with changes in either the form or frequency of observable performance.
Behaviorism focuses on the importance of the consequences of those performances and contends that responses that are followed by reinforcement are more likely to recur in the future.
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EXAMPLE
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Examples of behavior modification techniques include praise, reward systems, continual feedback, positive reinforcement and non-punitive discipline.
SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM
EXPLANATION
The process of learning requires that the learner actively participate in creative activities and self-organization.
NOTE
Basically, every conversation or encounter between two or more people presents an opportunity for new knowledge to be obtained, or present knowledge expanded.
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MEANING
Social constructivism is a sociological theory of knowledge according to which human development is socially situated and knowledge is constructed through interaction with others.
Knowledge evolves through the process of social negotiation and evaluation of the viability of individual understanding.
EXAMPLE
All knowledge develops as a result of social interaction and language use, and is therefore a shared, rather than an individual, experience.
A main focus of social constructivism is the role that social interaction and social processes play in creating knowledge.
COGNITIVISM
NOTE
Cognitivism, like behaviorism, emphasizes the role that environmental conditions play in facilitating learning. Instructional explanations, demonstrations, illustrative examples and matched non-examples are all considered to be instrumental in guiding student learning.
EXPLANATION
The cognitive approach focuses on the mental activities of the learner that lead up to a response and acknowledges the processes of mental planning, goal-setting, and organizational strategies
MEANING
Cognitive theories stress the acquisition of knowledge and internal mental structures and, as such, are closer to the rationalist end of the epistemology continuum
Cognitive theories focus on the conceptualization of students’ learning processes and address the issues of how information is received, organized, stored, and retrieved by the mind.
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CONNECTIVISM
MEANING
Connectivism is a learning theory that explains how Internet technologies have created new opportunities for people to learn and share information across the World Wide Web and among themselves.
A key feature of connectivism is that much learning can happen across peer networks that take place online.
NOTE
In connectivist learning, a teacher will guide students to information and answer key questions as needed, in order to support students learning and sharing on their own.
EXPLANATION
Students are encouraged to seek out information on their own online and express what they find. A connected community around this shared information often results.
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