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History (Historical Concepts (Evidence (Evidence is the information…

- - - - Crop Rotation
        
        3 Field System
        
        4 Field System
      - Improved Farm Machinery and Methods
        
        Bt the mid-1700s, new farming machinery were being implicated (mechanical drills for planting seeds, reaping machines for harvesting crops and threshing machines to separate the valuable grains from the stalk of wheat and barley). These machines made farming more efficient and increased profits. Along with improvements in crop production came improvements in animal breeding and rearing
      - The Enclosures
        
        More than 4000 Enclosure Acts (laws) were passed by the British Parliament during the Agricultural Revolution. The smaller lands were then joined together to create larger and more efficient producing lands. The process caused a great deal of social unrest as many serfs were forced off the land. This caused many serfs to flood into cities (urbanisation) and became part os the new industrial working class.
      - From the mid-1600s, changes in farming and agriculture across Britain paved the way for the Industrial Revolution. The changes brought about the demands for more food to support Britain's growing population. Collectively, these changes are referred to as the "Agricultural Revolution".
    - - Naval Power and Trading Power
        
        Britain had always relied on skilled sailors , a strong navy an experienced fleets on merchant ships. Its largest merchant trading company was the East India Company (EIC) and rivalled many European settlements.
      - Britain's Coal Supplies
        
        Britain was fortunate to have large supply of coal, a vital fuel for steam power. none of the other European settlements had such a large quantity of accessible coal.
      - Rise of British Empire
        
        The authority and wealth that Britain occupied as an empire. This allowed them to establish British colonies, in 1900 the British Empire covered a quarter of the world. Therefore, allowing the importation of more resources to fuel the Industrial Revolution.
      - Individual Freedom and Capitalist Spirit
        
        Unlike many of the European powers, there was a greater measure of individual and intellectual freedom. These factors provided those who wished to take a risk, without backlash.
      - Stable Government
        
        Before the start of the Industrial Revolution, Britain had enjoyed a prolonged period without much political or social conflict. This sense of stability and order encouraged the growth of business.
      - Superior Banking System and Capital for Investment
        
        England endorsed banking, investment and insurance expanded to support and protect that trade. There was a supply of capital available at very low rates of interest.
  - - - Cotton and Wool Production
        
        The first factories manufactured of the Industrial Revolution were cotton mills. The machinery in the mills were mainly consisted of Spinning Jennys' which was effective in spinning cotton
        
        The Spinning Jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1765, assisted in the increase os the quantity of yarn. It could spin eight threads at once, in comparison the original and traditional spinning wheel could only spin one thread at a time.
        
        By the middle of the 1760's Britain was importing cotton from India and the United States as they became a central point of cotton production. In contrast, factory owners would employ a mass amount of individuals as it didn't require skill, women and children joined the workforce and were substantially cheaper to employ.
      - Iron Production
        
        Before the Industrial Revolution, iron producers had to extract the pure element from the iron ore. Generating enough heat required a large quantity of charcoal to supply the demand. Because if this wood supplies were dwindling .However, in 1704, Abraham Darby, an iron producer at Coalbrookedale in Derbyshire, England. Darby introduced a more effective method by using coke which sustained the quantity of wood. Coke was a substance that released less carbon emissions and burnt at a greater temperature and there was a plentiful supply.
      - The Factory System
        
        Before the introduction of the factory system manufacturing occurred in small workshops or local workers' cottages. Local trades and craftspeople such as; blacksmiths, millers and weavers. In contrast, large quantities of workers began to increase in a single site or factory. Few of these workers were skilled because the majority of the labour was manufactured by machines and were extremely repetitive. The machines were first powered by water, then by steam and finally by electricity which was more effective in production.
    - - Child Labour
        
        When the Industrial Revolution began, children were speculated as ideal employees. They were small enough to fit between the new machinery and were cheap to employ. Wages for children were sometimes paid in the form of vouchers that could only be used at stores owned by the factory owner. Over time, social reforms raised the minimum age, shortened the working days, increased wages and introduced some form of education.
      - Living Conditions
        
        In the 1750's, a mere 15 percent of the population of Great Britain lived in towns or cities. By 1850, the urban population had risen to 50%.
        
        Conditions for the Rich and Poor
        
        On top of the social hierarchy were the aristocrats. These people included people of royal blood-dukes, earls, lords and barons- with strong family traditions and reputations. The aristocrats possessed enormous wealth, land and political influence. The middle class included factory owners, industrialists, doctors and lawyers whose generous income allowed them to establish their home on the outskirts of the new towns and cities. The majority of the working class lived closer to the factories, in slum areas with poor sanitation. Houses were built back-to-back to minimise land consumption and rarely had fire regulations. There was no proper sewerage, rare access to freshwater and little or no garbage disposal. In Liverpool in 1865, 40 percent of young children died in such conditions and the life expectancy was just 29 years old.
    - - At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, transport was extremely costly and sluggish. Industries began to demand and efficient way of transport both quicker and cheaper.
      - Steam Locomotives
        
        The first steam locomotive was invented by engineer Richard Trevithick in 1801. From 1829 steam locomotives became more sophisticated, more powerful and travelled at greater speeds.
      - Steam Ships
        
        The first commercial steam ship was manufactured by an American named Robert Falcon, in 1807. Many modifications occurred over the next 100 years which ultimately led to the modern steam ship. In addition, British engineer, Isambard Kingdom Brunel launched the SS Great Britain, the first steamship that had screw propellor increasing the overall speed.
      - Internal Combustion Engine
        
        Etienne Lenoir developed the first functional Internal Combustion Engine in 1859. German engineers Gottlish Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach experimented with an engine that used a new fuel, which later is commonly known as petroleum or gasoline. Daimler first used the engine to power a wooden bike in 1885. At first, cars were painstakingly built by hand, their high cost meant that they were only accessible for the wealthy. It wasn't until 1908 that Henry Ford manufactured an affordable model of cars known as the "Ford Model T" by using an assembly-line technique; which ultimately made cars significantly cheaper and efficient.
- - - - Imperialism is when a nation takes over new lands or nations and makes them subject to its law. By 1900, the British Empire expanded over five continents, and France had control over big parts of Africa. With the rise of industrialism, new markets were needed by countries. The quantity of land ' owned ' by Britain and France significantly boosted the competition with Germany, which had joined the scramble to obtain colonies late and had only insufficient parts of Africa.
    - - These factors worked in conjunction as it began to provoke the opposing alliance to compete with military advancements which ultimately was ignited by the ‘spark’. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand allowed for Austria-Hungary to justify their invasion on Serbia who inevitably believed that Serbia was involved as they rioted against their possession of Bosnia. In addition, the only person that was preventing the invasion of Serbia was Franz Ferdinand who was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip who was involved in a Serbian Terrorist group. This was the inevitable beginning of WWI as allies began to declare war on the opposing alliance, this in conjunction with militarism influenced the mass scale of the war.
    - - Militarism relates the importance of the country's imperial military and how it should be immobilised to enforce beliefs and to defend against invasions. Militarism was an essential factor in the outbreak of World War I. Many European countries before the confrontation were competing against each other not only over the influence of their empires but also over the quantity of their military. Between the years of 1870 to 1914 military spendings increased drastically in numerous European countries on average by 300 percent. Also, after 1871 many European powers introduced conscription, which meant all men over the age of 18 were mandatory to serve a brief period in the armed forces. By 1900, Britain had developed the largest and most influential navy in the world. Britain had to administrate this immense naval power to juridic their overseas dominions. When Germany began immobilising their navy, which greatly concerned Britain who relied on the importation of necessities. This ultimately led to Germany and Britain competing with one another to who could manufacture the most 'Dreadnoughts,' a very influential, expensive, armoured battleship. By early 1914, although European imperial powers were discussing signing declarations to declare peace, even though they were visible in the race to gain influence and were taking precautions for the inevitable war that would affect the lives of millions.
    - - Nationalism implies being a powerful proponent of one's own country's rights and interests. The Vienna Congress, held after Napoleon's exile to Elba, was designed to solve issues in Europe. Delegates from Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia (the winning allies) decided on a new Europe that left Germany and Italy as divided states. Strong nationalist aspects resulted to the reunification of Italy in 1861 and of Germany in 1871. At the end of the Franco-Prussian war, the settlement left France upset at the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany and eager to recover its lost land. Large regions of both Austria-Hungary and Serbia were home to different nationalist organizations, all of whom wished to be free from the nations in which they resided.
    - - An alliance is agreements made between countries to assist others welfare. This means that the opposition of a country of an alliance becomes your opposition as well. The two groups in the Alliance system in WWI were the Triple Alliance (formed in 1882 between the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy) and the Triple Entente (formed in 1907 between the countries of Britain, France and Russia). This contributed to WWI because each participating country promised to provide military support if an ally was attacked by a member of the opposing alliance. Ironically, the system was practised to prevent the outbreak of another major war; this contributed to the quantitative size of the war. Also, this ideological belief of alliance spread across the world and influenced many countries.