Infant diagnosed with circulatory problems & anemia; infants blood cells under microscopic examination look banana shaped; family has history of sickle cell
Upstream Causes
circulatory problems & anemia
Banana shaped red blood cells
Downstream causes:
Background Information
Sickle cell
4 types of macromolecules
Proteins
Enzymes
Transport
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Structural
Storage
DNA
RNA
Simple
Complex (many sugars)
Sterols
Fats
Phospholipids
Ex: Ferritin
Ex: Digestive enzymes (Amylase)
Ex: Hemoglobin
Ex: Keratin and collagen
DeoxyriboNucleic acid (Deoxyribose sugar)
Organ System functions:
Four types of amino acids:
Ribonucleic acid (Ribose sugar)
Found in nucleus
Found in cytoplasm
Disaccharides (two sugars)
starch, glycogen and fiber
Monosacchaarides (one sugar)
glucose, fructose and galactose
Maltose, sucrose and lactose
Triglycerides
Cholesterol
Vitamin D
Hormones
Bile
Consumed fat
Stored fat
Lipid bilayer
Cell membrane
Forms of DNA
Double helix
two long chains of amino acids wrapped around together
Chromosomes
When a cell prepares to divide the genetic information duplicates and packages into x-shape structure
Chromatid (each half of the x; identical to each other)
Centromere (what connects the halves)
Nucleotides in DNA
A(Adenine), T(Thymine), G(Guanine), & C(Cytosine)
Four kinds of amino acids
Non-polar
Non-polar covalent bond
Sharing equally
No charge
Hydrophobic
Polar
Polar covalent bond
Partial positive and negative charges (dipoles)
Unequally sharing
Hydrophilic
Acidic (negatively charged)
opposite attracts creating ionic bonds
Four levels of protein structure
Primary structure
Sequence of amino acids in a protein (Amine and acid group)
Peptide bonds
Formed by dehydration synthesis (water molecule is formed and bonds amino acids)
Secondary Structure
when amine and carboxylic acid groups from different amino acids attract to each other
Structure: a-helices & b-sheets
Tertiary structure
it occurs because of the interactions of the functional groups with each other.
Structure: 3D shape of all amino acid chains
Quaternary structure
shape of all amino acids chains interacting with each other
functional groups:
Polar
Non-polar
Positively charged
Negatively charged
Hemoglobin
protein found in red blood cells; contains iron to maintain red blood cell its shape
Hydrogen Bonds
Formed by dipoles (opposites attract)
Forming ionic bonds (opposites attract
Forming ionic bonds (opposites attract)
Polar Covalent bond; sharing unequally
Non-polar covalent bond; sharing equally (disulfide bond)
Hydrogen bonds
Organs
Liver
Heart
Kidneys
Gallbladder
Bones
Skeletal system
digestive system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
Digestive system
Eyes
Nervous system
Basic (positively charged)
Opposite attract creating ionic bonds
Polar
hydrophilic
Partially negative/partially positive
like to interact with water
creating dipoles
hydrogen bonds
Non-polar
no charge
forming non-polar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds
Hydrophobic
do not like to interact with water
Acidic (negative charged)
Hydrophilic
like to interact with water
attracted to positively charged
creating ionic bonds
Basic (positively charged)
Hydrophilic
likes to interact with water
attracted to negatively charged
creating ionic bonds
Organ functions:
Red blood cells (erythrocyte)
4 types of macromolecules functions:
Red blood cells function
Spleen
Lymphatic system
Proteins
storage
stores metal ions & amino acids
no nucleus
no rough endoplasmic reticulum
no mitochondria
concave shape
Protein in red blood cells:
Hemoglobin
Quaternary Structure
four polypeptide
2 alpha chains
2 beta chains
oxygen transporting protein of red blood cells
transport oxygen to body cells
delivers carbon dioxide to the lungs
Hemoglobin (protein in red blood cells)
transports the oxygen from lungs to body and to exchange it for carbon dioxide
then carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is exchanged for oxygen
Hemoglobin S
abnormal hemoglobin cells causing sickle cell
sickle cell is a genetic disease caused by one nucleotide mutation in DNA sequence
hemoglobin now has an exposed hydrophobic(don't like water) region
causing the hemoglobin to change shape of red blood cells causing it to no be able to functions
Enzymes
Transport
Structural
speed up biochemical reactions
moves molecules across membranes or from one place to another
Provides shape and support
Lymphatic system
Nervous system
Digestive system
Skeletal system
Urinary system
Cardiovascular system
eliminates waste
breaks down food
protects body from pathogens
detects & responds to stimuli
provides body's framework & protects organs
transports and circulates blood throughout the body
Spleen
helps fight certain kinds of bacteria
Eyes
Nourish the cornea, removes waste products from lens & maintains shape of the eye
Bones
Gallbladder
Kidneys
Heart
Liver
pumps blood throughout the body
filters blood
support the body, protect organs & allow movement
Stores & concentrates bile
maintain overall fluid balance, regulates & filters mineral from blood
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
DNA
RNA
Sterols
Fats
Phospholipids
gives genetic instructions for the development and function of a cell
tRNA
Provides energy to the body
Complex
Simple
quickly digested and absorbed
takes time to be digested
intracellular lipid transport & metabolism
major storage form of energy
in cellular membranes to protect the cell from certain substances
mRNA (messenger RNA)
tRNA (translator RNA)
AUGAUC...
Nucleotides
A(adenine), G(guanine), C(cytosine) & U(uracil)
AUG=Met (amino acid)
mRNA
the translator between mRNA and amino acids
contains nucelotides complementary to DNA and sending them out the nucleus into ribosomes
when your red blood cells are not functioning properly from sickle cell
caused by sickle cell disease
caused by a mutation in the genes making an abnormal hemoglobin which then causes a change in shape of the red blood cells
Mutation in the DNA sequence causing the change of one nucleotide resulting in the hemoglobin to change the shape of red blood cells
Organs & organ system affected:
Spleen
Direct:
spleen can become enlarged and painful from high amounts of blood
Indirect:
spleen becomes permanently damaged leading to surgical removal cause high risk infections to occur
hereditary condition
Eyes
Direct:
Sickle cell retinopathy; sickle cells are blocking the blood vessels in the eye from receiving oxygen
Indirect:
can worsen & lead to proliferative sickle cell retinopathy; causes bleeding into the eye, detachment of the retina, & blindness
Bones
Direct:
Indirect:
due to the sickle shaped blood cells it can cause episodes of severe pain in the bones
leading bone damage from getting ulcers or severe infections
Gallbladder
Direct:
Indirect:
Gallstones
high levels of bilirubin (substance produced when red blood cells breakdown)
Kidneys
Direct:
Indirect:
the kidneys isn't getting enough oxygen affecting it's overall function such as filtering or regulating
renal failure; needing blood transfusion or a transplant
Heart
Direct
Indirect:
Liver
Indirect:
Direct:
causing it to regrow in an unusual way affecting its function (structure dictates function)
blood transfusion can cause liver damage
hear tries to compensate; the four cardiac chambers dilate
heart failure; strokes
Lymphatic system
Cardiovascular system
Nervous system
Skeletal system
Digestive system
Urinary system
protein in the urine, urine with too much water or blood in the urine