Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Infant diagnosed with circulatory problems & anemia; infants blood…

- - - - hereditary condition
  - - - Mutation in the DNA sequence causing the change of one nucleotide resulting in the hemoglobin to change the shape of red blood cells
- - - - Organs & organ system affected:
        
        Spleen
        
        Direct:
        
        spleen can become enlarged and painful from high amounts of blood
        
        Indirect:
        
        spleen becomes permanently damaged leading to surgical removal cause high risk infections to occur
        
        Lymphatic system
        
        Eyes
        
        Direct:
        
        Sickle cell retinopathy; sickle cells are blocking the blood vessels in the eye from receiving oxygen
        
        Indirect:
        
        can worsen & lead to proliferative sickle cell retinopathy; causes bleeding into the eye, detachment of the retina, & blindness
        
        Nervous system
        
        Bones
        
        Direct:
        
        due to the sickle shaped blood cells it can cause episodes of severe pain in the bones
        
        Indirect:
        
        leading bone damage from getting ulcers or severe infections
        
        Skeletal system
        
        Gallbladder
        
        Direct:
        
        high levels of bilirubin (substance produced when red blood cells breakdown)
        
        Indirect:
        
        Gallstones
        
        Digestive system
        
        Kidneys
        
        Direct:
        
        the kidneys isn't getting enough oxygen affecting it's overall function such as filtering or regulating
        
        Indirect:
        
        renal failure; needing blood transfusion or a transplant
        
        Urinary system
        
        protein in the urine, urine with too much water or blood in the urine
        
        Heart
        
        Direct
        
        hear tries to compensate; the four cardiac chambers dilate
        
        Indirect:
        
        heart failure; strokes
        
        Cardiovascular system
        
        Liver
        
        Indirect:
        
        causing it to regrow in an unusual way affecting its function (structure dictates function)
        
        Direct:
        
        blood transfusion can cause liver damage
- - - - protects body from pathogens
    - - detects & responds to stimuli
    - - breaks down food
    - - provides body's framework & protects organs
    - - eliminates waste
    - - transports and circulates blood throughout the body
  - - - hydrophilic
        
        like to interact with water
      - Partially negative/partially positive
        
        creating dipoles
        
        hydrogen bonds
        
        Polar covalent bonds
    - - no charge
        
        forming non-polar covalent bonds
      - Hydrophobic
        
        do not like to interact with water
    - - Hydrophilic
        
        like to interact with water
      - attracted to positively charged
        
        creating ionic bonds
    - - Hydrophilic
        
        likes to interact with water
      - attracted to negatively charged
        
        creating ionic bonds
  - - - two long chains of amino acids wrapped around together
    - - When a cell prepares to divide the genetic information duplicates and packages into x-shape structure
        
        Chromatid (each half of the x; identical to each other)
        
        Centromere (what connects the halves)
    - - A(Adenine), T(Thymine), G(Guanine), & C(Cytosine)
  - - - Non-polar covalent bond
      - Sharing equally
      - No charge
      - Hydrophobic
    - - Polar covalent bond
      - Partial positive and negative charges (dipoles)
      - Unequally sharing
      - Hydrophilic
    - - opposite attracts creating ionic bonds
    - - Opposite attract creating ionic bonds
  - - - Sequence of amino acids in a protein (Amine and acid group)
        
        Peptide bonds
        
        Formed by dehydration synthesis (water molecule is formed and bonds amino acids)
    - - when amine and carboxylic acid groups from different amino acids attract to each other
        
        Structure: a-helices & b-sheets
        
        Hydrogen Bonds
        
        Formed by dipoles (opposites attract)
    - - it occurs because of the interactions of the functional groups with each other.
        
        Structure: 3D shape of all amino acid chains
        
        functional groups:
        
        Polar
        
        Polar Covalent bond; sharing unequally
        
        Hydrogen bonds
        
        Non-polar
        
        Non-polar covalent bond; sharing equally (disulfide bond)
        
        Positively charged
        
        Forming ionic bonds (opposites attract)
        
        Negatively charged
        
        Forming ionic bonds (opposites attract
    - - shape of all amino acids chains interacting with each other
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        protein found in red blood cells; contains iron to maintain red blood cell its shape
  - - - Digestive system
    - - Cardiovascular system
    - - Urinary system
    - - digestive system
    - - Skeletal system
    - - Nervous system
    - - Lymphatic system
  - - - helps fight certain kinds of bacteria
    - - Nourish the cornea, removes waste products from lens & maintains shape of the eye
    - - support the body, protect organs & allow movement
    - - Stores & concentrates bile
    - - maintain overall fluid balance, regulates & filters mineral from blood
    - - pumps blood throughout the body
    - - filters blood
  - - - Hemoglobin
        
        Quaternary Structure
        
        four polypeptide
        
        2 alpha chains
        
        2 beta chains
        
        oxygen transporting protein of red blood cells
  - - - storage
        
        stores metal ions & amino acids
      - Enzymes
        
        speed up biochemical reactions
      - Transport
        
        moves molecules across membranes or from one place to another
      - Structural
        
        Provides shape and support
    - - DNA
        
        gives genetic instructions for the development and function of a cell
      - RNA
        
        tRNA
        
        the translator between mRNA and amino acids
        
        mRNA
        
        contains nucelotides complementary to DNA and sending them out the nucleus into ribosomes
    - - Provides energy to the body
        
        Complex
        
        takes time to be digested
        
        Simple
        
        quickly digested and absorbed
    - - Sterols
        
        intracellular lipid transport & metabolism
      - Fats
        
        major storage form of energy
      - Phospholipids
        
        in cellular membranes to protect the cell from certain substances
  - - - transports the oxygen from lungs to body and to exchange it for carbon dioxide
      - then carries the carbon dioxide back to the lungs where it is exchanged for oxygen
      - Hemoglobin S
        
        abnormal hemoglobin cells causing sickle cell
        
        sickle cell is a genetic disease caused by one nucleotide mutation in DNA sequence
        
        hemoglobin now has an exposed hydrophobic(don't like water) region
        
        causing the hemoglobin to change shape of red blood cells causing it to no be able to functions
- - - - Found in nucleus
  - - - Found in cytoplasm
        
        mRNA (messenger RNA)
        
        AUGAUC...
        
        tRNA (translator RNA)
        
        AUG=Met (amino acid)
    - - A(adenine), G(guanine), C(cytosine) & U(uracil)
- - - - Maltose, sucrose and lactose
    - - glucose, fructose and galactose
- - - - Vitamin D
      - Hormones
      - Bile
  - - - Consumed fat
      - Stored fat
  - - - Cell membrane