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Social Studies Unit 0 (From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Period (The…
Social Studies Unit 0
From the Middle Ages to Early Modern Period
The term
modern
is used to describe innovative or novel concepts, a period of changeswith respect to the previous era. However at the endo of Middle Ages there was also some continuity.
Continuity: feudal economics and society
The structureof society was the same as the structure during the middle ages. Social groups were divided based on privileges.
The three estates: The king was at the top of the social sistem, his powerand position largely dependedon the powerfull
privileged estates
.
The Clergy
Had spiritual function in society. They continued to enjoy privileges, tithe payments having their own justise system. Did not pay taxes, the high clergy could also be feudal lords.
The Third Estate
Most were peasants, artisants, merchants, doctors, lawers... They did not have their own justice system judged by their lords or by the king. The taxes they paid sustained the privileged estates.
Noblemen
Did not work. They could only be judged by the king or by other noblemen, only paid taxes to the monarch if they agreed to do so in the courts. The most important noblemen had feudal estates, he charged the people on their land taxes, administered jusice.
Collective privileges: cities
Cities enjoyed the greatest collective privileges. Exercised through the city council, and similar to the privileges of a lord, chcarging taxes, having monopolies or administering justice.
Continuity: Kings and Kingdoms
Power was fragmented and was oftenthe subject of disputes between monarchs, the privileged estates and cities. Led to social and political instability. Disputes also led to the appearance of institutions such as the courts and parliaments of the estates of the realm.
Changes: Key characteristics of a new era
Although there was a lot of continuation from the Middle Ages, the Early Modern Period was a time of great change in europe.
Religious Changes
A period of religious intolerance: Jews and Muslims were persecuted, new sets of beliefs.
Social Changes
Wealthy middle class became more important. Europe also recovered from the population crisis.
Cultural Changes
New artistic styles appeared, Renaissance art, cultural movements, Humanism on the Italian Peninsula. Ivention of the printing press. Europeans also discovered and explored continets.
Political Changes
Although courts and parliaments did not disappear, monarchies gained a lot of power.
Economic Changes
Craftwork and Trade experienced a period of importan growth, corp and lifestock farming, main economic activities. The need to obtain precious metals trade transactions.
Factors leading to geographical discoveries
One of the most significant historical events of the 15th and 16th centuries was the discovery of territories previously unknown through maritime exploration. Historical factors.
Political and Religious Factors
A significant rivalry between Islamic and Christian states. Particularly relevant in the Iberian kingdoms.
Sociological Factors
Associated with the Renaissance and the desireto learn and explore.
Demographic Factors
Population Grew and a higher demand for precious metals and products from Asia.
Scientific and Technical Factors
Scientific and technological advances in navigation, many geographers believed that the world was round.
Economic Factors
Gold and silver were needed to make coins, Europe highly dependent on spices and silk. The traditional trade route blocked, so alternative routes had to be found.