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Integumentary System (Functions of the Integumentary System (Protects…
Integumentary System
Functions of the Integumentary System
Protects against disease
Eliminates waste products
Retains body fluids
Regulates body temperature
Acts as barrier to protect the body from outside world
Body Membranes
Mucous Membrane (Mucosa)
Mucous membranes line the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Coated with the secretions of the mucous glands
Location
line cavities that open to exterior
Tissue
layer of epithelium over loose CT; epithelium varies with location
Function
Absorption and secretion; produce mucus
Cutaneous Membrane (Skin)
Cutaneous membrane, or the skin, covers the body surface
Location
Covers body surface
Tissue
made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium underneath is dense CT
Serous Membrane (Serosa)
Serous membranes line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural, and the pericardial cavities
Location
line cavities and cover organs closed to exterior
Tissue
simple squamous epithelium over loose connective tissue
Function
secrete a serous fluid for lubrication
Epithelial Membrane
Thin structures cover surfaces, line body cavities, form protective layer around organs. Usually contain both epithelial and connective tissue
Synovial membrane
Function
produces synovial fluid to reduce friction
Tissue
connective tissue only
Location
lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints
Layers of the Epidermis
Stratum Spinosum
Several layers thick Keratinocytes from stratum basale, take in melanin
Spiny appearance
Stratum Basale
separates dermis from epidermis
attached to basement membrane
Deepest layer
Contain stem cells of Keratinocyte
found throughout all layers
most abundant cells of epidermis
Contain Melanocyte
Same # of melanocytes for all races
Skin color due to difference of melanin production
Produce brown/yellow pigment Melanin
Stratum Granulosum
Keratinization begins here
Cells beginning to die
3-5 layers of Keratinocytes
Stratum Lucidum
More apparent in thick skin such as palms of hands and soles of feet
2-3 layers Keratinocytes
Stratum Corneum
Keratin is waterproof, protect against abrasion
Cells are shed in 2-4 weeks
20-30 layers tightly packed of flat cells full of keratin
Infections
Boils and Carbuncles
Symptoms
red, hot, painful, swollen lump or mass around skin of back and nape of neck, infected area fills up with fluid, pus, and dead tissue, may cause fever if severe
Treatment
place warm moist cloth on affected area to drain, anti bacterial soap or antibiotic medication may be prescribed; do not squeeze or cut open which can spread infection
Causes
infection causing inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands by bacteria
Cold Sore
Cause
Herpes simplex virus type 1, triggered by exposure to UV rays or stress, spread by kissing
Symptoms
small fluid-filled blisters that itch and sting usually around mouth or lips
Treatment
no cure, symptoms can be helped with antiviral medications or cream for the core
Athlete's Foot
Symptoms
red, cracked, burning, itching, peeling skin between toes
Treatment
anti fungal ointment or cream to kill fungus
Causes
Fungal infection caused by contact with damp surfaces such as shower floors, shoes, locker rooms, and pools
Impetigo
Symptoms
Pink water-filled, raised lesions that develop to yellow crust and eventually rupture
Treatment
antibacterial soap or cream, may require antibiotics medication if condition is severe
Cause
staphylococcus bacterial usually in children
Layers of Dermis
Reticular layer
Dense irregular connective tissue
Contains Sebaceous glands, hair follicles, ducts of Sudoiferous glands
provides strength to skin
Papillary Layer
20% of dermis - areolar connective tissue
Dermal Papillae - tight connection, anchors epidermis to the dermis, anchor, and creates fingerprints
Provide support for epidermis
Subcutaneous layer
Anchors skin to structures below
Insulation varies by location, gender, life style
Areolar & Adipose conective tissue
Accessory Organs
Nails
Function - Protection, scratching, & grasping
1mm/week
Plates of highly packed, keratinized cells
Root - portion embedded in the skin
Body - attached portion of nail
Cuticle - skin and nail attach
Free edge - portion of nail hanging over nail bd
Nail matrix - of nail production
Nail bed - underneath the nail
Lunula - moon-shape close to cuticle
Glands
Sebaceous glands
Produces sebum
Function - moisten hair and waterproofs skin, antibacterial and anti fungal effect
Usually connected to hair follicles
Sudiferous glands
Eccrine sweat glands
Main function is to cool the body
Excretion of waste such as urea, uric, and ammonia
Location - all areas except for lips and external genitalia
Common in thick skin
Appocrine sweat glands
Associated with hair follicles
Functional at puberty, may be associated with pheromones
Associated with emotional stimuli
Locations - limited to axilla, genitalia, areola, nipple, and perianal region
Body odor occurs when broken down by bacteria
Ceruminous glands
Modified sudoiferous glands
Secrete cerumen
Mammary glands
Secrete milk
Hair
Function - thermoregulation, protection, touch sense, keeps dirt out
Located in pocket of skin, hair follicle, space where hair sits in
Flexible strand of dead heavily keratinized epithelial cells
Hair root - portion of hair underneath the skin
Hair shaft - portion of hair above skin
Hair follicle - dermal and epidermal sheath surrounds hair root
Hair bulb - enlarged base of hair
Hair papilla - base of root, made of connective tissue, contains capillary loop, blood vessels that provide nutrients
Hair matrix - surrounds hair papilla
Arrector pilli muscle
Sooth muscle, causes hair to stand on end, keep cold air away from skin
Creates goosebumps
Burns
Second Degree Burn
Blisters form
No scars or little scarring if infected
Destroys Epidermis and upper part of Dermis
Third Degree Burn
Appears white, red, or blackened
Extensive scarring
Destroys Epidermis, Dermis and accessory organs of the skin
Skin grafting (healthy skin replaces damaged skin) may be needed
First Degree Burn
Erythema (redness), mild edema (swelling), surface layer shed
Healing in a few days to weeks
Only epidermis is damaged
No scarring
Skin Cancers
Benign
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Metastasizes to lymph nodes
Early removal allows for a good chance to cure
Arises from stratum spinosum
Malignant
Malignant Melanoma
Cancer of melanocytes
Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
Most deadly of skin cancers
Detection uses ABCD rule
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most Common Type of Skin Cancer
Arises from statum basale
Least Malignant