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Antioxidants (Quench free radicals by... (Activating enzyme systems…

- - - - Selenium
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Co-factor for glutathione peroxidase enzyme to protect cell membranes
        
        Decreases the number of free radicals for Vitamin E to neutralize
        
        Spares use of
        
        Food Intake
        
        Food Sources
        
        Not a concern due to staying stable to normal food preparation processes
        
        Fish, shellfish, eggs, milk
        
        Toxicity
        
        Extra supplements (>1 mg/day)
        
        Brittle nails and hair (eventual loss)
        
        Neurological damage
        
        Fatigue
        
        Irritability
        
        Active form (selenocysteine) Storage (selenomethionine)
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        Helps convert thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3)
        
        Necessary for regulating basal metabolic rate, growth and development, and body temperature
  - - - Fat Soluble
        
        Vitamin A
        
        Retinoids
        
        Main Forms
        
        Retinal
        
        Roles
        
        1 more item...
        
        Food Sources
        
        1 more item...
        
        Retinol
        
        Food Intake
        
        3 more items...
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        2 more items...
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        4 more items...
        
        Most active form of Vitamin A
        
        1 more item...
        
        Retinoic Acid
        
        Roles
        
        3 more items...
        
        Food Sources
        
        Animal foods
        
        Carotenoids
        
        Beta-Carotene
        
        Food Intake
        
        Food Sources
        
        1 more item...
        
        Deficiency
        
        2 more items...
        
        Toxicity
        
        2 more items...
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Neutralizes free radicals
        
        Neutralizes lipids in cell membranes and LDL
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        Eyes
        
        1 more item...
        
        Immune system
        
        1 more item...
        
        Skin
        
        1 more item...
        
        Form of Vitamin A that is absorbed and stored
        
        1 Beta-carotene molecule = 2 Retinol molecules
        
        Food Sources
        
        Plant foods
        
        Vegan diets provide enough Vitamin A
        
        1 more item...
      - Water soluble
        
        Vitamin C
        
        Food Intake
        
        Toxicity
        
        Pro-Antioxidant
        
        Excess is excreted in urine
        
        Increase risk of kidney stones
        
        May cause diarrhea
        
        Food Sources
        
        Fruits and Vegetables
        
        Citrus
        
        Kiwi
        
        Tomato
        
        Berries
        
        Deficiency
        
        Scurvy
        
        Weakness, painful joints, bleeding gums, loose teeth, failure of wounds to heal
        
        People at risk
        
        Alcoholics
        
        Smokers
        
        Burn patients
        
        Widespread tissue breakdown
        
        Reducing property is needed for collagen production
        
        Losses in Food Preparation
        
        Processing/Cooking
        
        Prolonged exposure of cut surfaces
        
        Excessive heat
        
        Exposure to baking soda
        
        Consuming fresh fruits and vegetables as much as possible
        
        Non-Antioxidant Roles
        
        Synthesis of Collagen
        
        Maintains integrity of
        
        .
        
        5 more items...
        
        Enhances Iron absorption
        
        Keeps dietary iron in reduced state (Fe2+)
        
        Increases absorption of non-heme iron (Fe3+) in plant foods
        
        Antioxidant Roles
        
        Reduces free radicals
        
        Donates hydrogen ion to the inactive form of Vitamin E that has been oxidized by its reduction of a free radical
        
        Restores Vitamin E to its active form, allowing Vitamin E to continue in its job of reducing, and thus neutralizing, free radicals
        
        Works in intercellular and extracellular fluid compartments
        
        Keeps Vitamin B Folate intact
        
        Reduces formation of potential carcinogens in stomach
        
        Vitamin E
        
        Food Intake
        
        Deficiency
        
        Preterm infants are at risk
        
        2 more items...
        
        Weakening of red blood cell membranes means red blood cells can't carry adequate oxygen to cells for energy production
        
        1 more item...
        
        Food Sources
        
        Plant oils
        
        Nuts
        
        Seeds
        
        Whole grains, peanut butter
        
        Small amount in egg yolk and liver
        
        Losses in food preparation
        
        2 more items...
        
        Toxicity
        
        Fatigue
        
        Muscle weakness
        
        Nausea
        
        Diarrhea
        
        Uncontrolled bleeding
        
        Roles
        
        Antioxidant roles
        
        Captures free radicals that damage polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the phospholipids of the membranes
        
        Special antioxidant role in lungs due to constant exposure to oxygen in the lung cell membranes
        
        Protects DNA and other cell compounds from oxidizing damage.
        
        Neutralizes free radials
        
        Non-antioxidant roles
        
        Inhibits enzyme needed for platelet aggregation
        
        1 more item...
        
        Protects LDL and lung membranes from oxidation
        
        Maintains integrity of red blood cell membranes
        
        Maintains nervous and immune systems
        
        Necessary for successful reproduction
- - - - Cataracts
      - Cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases
      - Cancer