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Ch.8 Structure of Woody Plants (vascular cambrium (fusiform initials…

- - - - vascular cambium
        
        fusiform initials
        
        ray initials
      - typically
        
        wood of roots
        
        different than
        
        stems
      - perennial roots
        
        form bark
      - woody root
        
        increased
        
        storage capacity
  - - - of
        
        cambium activity
        
        cambium structure
      - alternate cambium
        
        produce different
        
        secondary bodies
        
        anomolous secondary growth
        
        types
        
        unequal activity
        
        secondary growth
        
        in
        
        monocots
        
        included phloem
        
        sweet potato root
        
        Ipomoea batatas
        
        monocots
        
        secondary growth
        
        tree-like
        
        dragon trees
        
        dracaena
        
        palms
        
        Joshua trees
        
        Yucca brevifolia
        
        1 more item...
        
        secondary vascular bundles
    - - palms
        
        establishment growth
        
        adventitious roots
        
        increase and width
- - - - one meristem
        
        produces
        
        secondary plant body
      - plural
        
        cambia
      - in herbs
        
        between
        
        metaxylem
        
        metaphloem
        
        stop dividing
        
        differentiate
        
        into
        
        conducting tissues
      - woody species
        
        no cell cycle arrest
        
        continue dividing
        
        constitute
        
        fasicular cambium
        
        'fascicle'
        
        interfascicular cambium
        
        mature parenchyma
        
        leave cell cycle arrest
        
        mitosis
      - misc
        
        must extend
        
        each year
        
        never occur
        
        flowers
        
        fruits
        
        seeds
      - shares
        
        features with
        
        apical meristem
        
        unique
        
        fusiform initials
        
        ray initials
  - - - tapered
      - lengths
        
        dicots
        
        140 to 462 um
        
        conifers
        
        700 to 8700 um
      - long
      - periclinal wall
        
        produces
        
        two cells
        
        continues as FI
        
        differentiates
        
        secondary xylem
        
        secondary phloem
        
        cambial cells
        
        produce
        
        narrow daughters
      - vascular cambium
        
        occasionally divide
        
        longitudinal
        
        anticlinal walls
        
        increases numbers
    - - elongate cells
        
        tracheids
        
        vessel elements
        
        of wood
        
        fibers
      - phloem
        
        sieve cells
        
        sieve tube members
        
        companion cells
        
        fibers
  - - - differences
        
        more or less cuboidal
        
        short
      - periclinal division
    - - short cells
      - mostly
        
        storage parenchyma
      - in gymnosperms
        
        albuminous cells
  - - - organized
        
        into
        
        patterns
      - fusiform
        
        storied cambium
        
        horizontal rows
        
        evolved more recently
        
        advanced eudicots
        
        red bud
        
        persimmon
        
        nonstoried cambium
        
        non-horizontal
    - - many cells
        
        multiseriate
      - two cells
        
        biseriate
      - one cell
        
        uniseriate
- - - - one year's growth
        
        early wood and late wood
    - - preferred
        
        for annual ring
    - - early wood
        
        after
        
        cuticle thick
        
        less transpiration
        
        new vessels
    - - vessels throughout
    - - aka spring wood
        
        first wood produced
        
        wide vessels
    - - vessels in
        
        early wood
  - - - light
        
        moist
        
        outer region
      - new layer
        
        formed yearly
        
        constant thickness
    - - vessel and tracheids
        
        function
        
        in water conduction
        
        tension
        
        insects
        
        wind vibration
        
        other
        
        freezing
    - - dark wood
        
        center region
      - wider with age
    - - plural
        
        tyloses
        
        plug
  - - - may contain
        
        sclereids
        
        parenchyma
        
        fibers
        
        vessel elements
        
        tracheids
    - - all cells
        
        formed inside
        
        vascular cambium
      - contains all cells
        
        in primary xylem
        
        none new
      - difference between primary
        
        arrangement
        
        axial system
        
        from FI
        
        radial system
        
        from RI
        
        origin
        
        of cells
    - - always contains
        
        tracheids
        
        vessel elements
        
        tracheary elements
        
        function
        
        water conduction
        
        pretection
        
        flexibility
      - commercial woods
        
        hardwoods
        
        basal angiosperms
        
        eudicots
        
        balsa
        
        a lot of fibers
        
        strong
        
        tough
        
        construction
        
        softwoods
        
        few fibers
        
        soft
        
        examples
        
        conifers
        
        redwoods
        
        pines
        
        bald cypress
        
        taxodium
    - - usually simple
      - contains
        
        parenchyma
        
        stores
        
        other nutrients
        
        carbohydrates
        
        arranged as rays
        
        or multiseriate
        
        biseriate
        
        uniseriate
      - ray parenchyma
        
        upright cells
        
        procumbent cells
        
        ray tracheids
  - - - not vertical
        
        gravity stress
        
        drooping
    - - gelatinous fibers
        
        tension on branch
      - prevent drooping
- - - - vascular bundle
      - pith
      - cortex
      - leaves
      - epidermis
    - - of herbs
  - - - cork cambium
      - wood
        
        secondary xylem
      - vascular cambium
      - bark
        
        secondary phloem
        
        and cork
    - - woody species
    - - trees
        
        chestnuts
        
        pines
        
        sycamores
        
        firs
      - shrubs
        
        roses
        
        oleanders
        
        azaleas
    - - three times
        
        in 420 million years
        
        1
        
        extinct
        
        2
        
        extinct
        
        3
        
        370 million years ago
        
        all
        
        woody trees
        
        shrubs
        
        successful
  - - - taller
        
        apical meristems
      - wider
        
        wood and bark
        
        greater capacity
        
        to move
        
        up
        
        water
        
        minerals
        
        down
        
        carbohydrates
        
        increased
        
        leaf support
        
        photosynthetic capacity
    - - than annual herbs
        
        beacuse
        
        seeds take place
        
        of dead herbs
    - - easily targeted
        
        by pathogens
      - greater need
        
        defense
        
        chemical
        
        structural
        
        winterizing
      - battle
        
        fungi
        
        environment
        
        insects
      - expensive
        
        metabolically
        
        wood
        
        bark
- - - - axial
      - radial
    - - secondary xylem
- - - - pressure
        
        on outside
        
        it responds
        
        grows
        
        in circumference
        
        torn apart
    - - storage parenchyma
        
        ractivates
        
        divides
        
        new cambium
        
        similar
        
        to formation
        
        interfascicular fascular cambium
      - must protect
        
        from
        
        bacteria
        
        insects
        
        fungi
    - - formed by
        
        storage parenchyma
        
        cork cambium
        
        aka phellogen
    - - vascular cambium
        
        structure
        
        morphogenic activity
        
        all cells
        
        cuboidal
    - - cuboidal
      - divide
        
        inner
        
        cork cambium
        
        outer
        
        cork cell
        
        aka phellem cell
      - periderm
        
        cork cells
        
        phelloderm
        
        cork cambium
        
        impervious
        
        and
        
        tough
    - - several layers
        
        of cork
      - outer
        
        all tissues
        
        outside
        
        innermost
        
        cork cambium
      - inner
        
        all
        
        secondary phloem
        
        between
        
        vascular cambium
        
        innermost cork cambium
  - - - advantages
        
        pathogens out
        
        retains water
      - disadvantages
        
        blocks O2
        
        bad respiration
      - in response
        
        develop
        
        rounded cork cells
        
        for O2 passage
        
        lenticels
        
        O2 pathway
  - - - variable