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bacteria and viruses, what are they? (both (Retrovirus
Viruses that have…
bacteria and viruses, what are they?
bacteria
structure
Capsule; a sticky layer of polyachride or protein, it is a capsule if it is dense and well-defined, or a slime layer if it is not as well organized. It is related to bacteria
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CRISPR-Cas system; These interspaced sections of “code” would be separated by a spacer sequence, this was discovered to be important for defending against Phages.
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Peptidoglycan
Glyco protein found in the bilayer, important for gram pos/neg
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Restriction enzyme
An enzyme that protects host DNA from infectious DNA, a tool important for CRISPER, bacteria protecting against viruses
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Flimbriae: like pilli, they stick, but are not used in sexy time
flagellum, lil swimmy tail boi
types
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Chemoautotroph: An organism that obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances and needs only carbon dioxide as a carbon source
Cyanobacteria; a group of bacteria that evolved to convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into ammonia through nitrogen fixation
Gram test
Gram-negative
Double bilayer, less peptidoglycan, light pink with gram stain safranin,
Gram-positive
Single wall, peptidoglycan, purple with gram stain crystal violet
Halophile
Bacteria that live in salty areas, some are archaea
Heterocyst
Bacteria with nitrogen fixation, turning nitrogen gas into ammonia so that plants can use it they grow on legumes
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Obligate anaerobe
Bacteria that carry out fermentation, must not use oxygen
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Photoheterotroph
Makes ATP from organic sources, organic carbon
Thermophile
A bacteria that live in extreme heat, archaea
archaea: common ancestor for bacteria, lives in extremes
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functions
Conjugation; In prokaryotes, the direct transfer of DNA between two cells that are temporarily joined.
When the two cells are members of different species, conjugation results in horizontal gene transfer
Nitrogen fixation: The turning of nitrogen into ammonia which is the useable form of nitrogen, bacteria
Taxis
A mode of movement in bacteria, the flagellum help them do that
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anti biotic; effects living things, specifically bacteria
binary fission: when two bacteria split, a form of reproduction
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both
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Pathogen
Anything that causes disease, both
Provirus
Lysogenic cell, a cell that has the prophage in it, but is not yet active
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viruses
structure
Helix
Spiral structure, the shape of a capsid
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function
Host range
Determines the pathogenic range and if a virus can infect a cell, the lock and key of protein is the deciding factor
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Vector
A carrier that transmits pathogens, a rat with the black plague
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types
Prion
Protein that can infect you, like mad cow disease, causes your proteins to change shape
Temperate phage
A virus that can have a lysogenic stage, it can go dormant,
Viroid
An infectious particle, smaller than a virus, a virus wit no protein, just the nucleic acid
Virulent phage
A phage that only reproduces through the lytic cycle, no dormancy
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