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Viruses, Bacteria and archaea (Replication of a Virus (Host range: refers…
Viruses, Bacteria and archaea
Viruses
Viruses are nonliving because they lack, respiration, growth, and development
They are composed of nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat. Some viruses are surrounded by envelope
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The Nucleic core contains a viruses genetic material. DNA/RNA contains instructions for making copies of the virus
Viruses Structure
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Capsomere is the protein subunit that assembles into a capsid, it protects the genetic material of a virus
Replication of a Virus
Host range: refers to a particular virus that can infect cells within a limited number of host species
Viruses can only replicate within a host cell. (they lack metabolic enzymes) they do not reproduce. Host: is part of symbiotic relationship that serves as a home or food
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lytic Cycle Kills host cell, and instructs for more viruses until it burst
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Retrovirus any of a group of RNA viruses which insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell in order to replicate, e.g. HIV.
Reverse Transcriptase an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template in reverse transcription
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Enterovirus-is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases.
Viruses and Prions
Vaccine harmless derivative of a pathogen that stimulates the immune system to start defenses against a harmful pathogen (triggers the immune system to recognize the virus in the future)
Viroid an infectious entity affecting plants, smaller than a virus and consisting only of nucleic acid without a protein coat.
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Cell Surface Structures
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Peptidoglycan is a polymer composed of modified sugars crosslinked by short polypeptides (formed in the cell walls)
Gram Negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex with an outer membrane that contains lipopolysaccharides.
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Fimbriae and pili are interchangeable terms used to designate short, hair-like structures on the surfaces of prokaryotic cells
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Flagellum is the hairlike structure that acts primarily as an organelle of locomotion in the cells of many living organisms. Refers to Taxis
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Plasmid is a small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA.
Nucleoid is an irregularly shaped region within the cell of a prokaryote that contains all or most of the genetic material
Cyanobacteria are a group of photosynthetic bacteria with all the conventional structures of prokaryotes.
Reproduction
Binary Fission is how prokaryotes can reproduce. It is the splitting of a bacterial cell after it reaches a certain size. Bacteria reproduce asexually
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Conjugation is the process by which one bacterium transfers genetic material to another through direct contact. During conjugation, one bacterium serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the other serves as the recipient.
F plasmids are plasmids that carry factors that allow for the transfer of genetic material from one cell to another via conjugation.
R Plasmids some plasmids carry resistance factors. The genes on R plasmids confer resistance to antibiotics or other bacterial growth inhibitors
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Genetic recombination occurs when genetic material is exchanged between two different chromosomes or between different regions within the same chromosome.
Adapting and Evolving
Obligate aerobes have to use Oxygen in order to obtain cellular respiration. They cannot develop without it
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Heterocyst refers to cells that only carry out nitrogen fixation. each heterocyst is surrounded by a thicken cell wall that restricts Oxygen
Biofilm is a thick layer of prokaryotic organisms that have aggregated to form a colony. The colony attaches to a surface with a slime layer which aids in protecting the microorganisms.
Chemoautotrophs are cells that create their own energy and biological materials from inorganic chemicals.
Chemoheterotroph is the term for an organism which derives its energy from chemicals, and needs to consume other organisms in order to live
Photoautotrophs convert inorganic materials into organic materials for use in cellular functions such as biosynthesis and respiration and provide nutrition for many other forms of life.
Photoheterotrophs depend on light for their source of energy and mostly organic compounds from the environment for their source of carbon.
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Pathogenic Bacteria
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Bioremediation is a waste management technique that involves the use of organisms such as plants, bacteria, and fungi to remove or neutralize pollutants from a contaminated site.
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