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Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience (Neural Imaging Techniques (fMRI (over…
Methods in Cognitive Neuroscience
Neural Imaging Techniques
brain is lateralized
left specialized for language processing
hemisphere specialization is unique in human
Electroencephalography (EEG)
records electric potentials present on scalp
participant wear a cap of many electrodes
many trails averaged to eliminate effects not resulting from stimulus
ERP
averaged EEG responses aligned to a particular stimulus =
event-related potentials (ERPs)
good temporal resolution
good for study brief recognition
MEG
magnetoencephalography
records magnetic fields produced by electrical activity
best at detecting activity in sulci (crease) and less sensitive to activity in gyri (bumps)
PET
positron emission tomography
good information about location
poor information about timing
indirect
measure metabolic rate or blood flow
measuring the amount of work a brain region does
radioactive injected into bloodstream
replaced by fMRI
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
good information about location of neural activity
poor information about time course of acitivity
indirect
measure metabolic rate or blood flow
measuring the amount of work a brain region does
replace PET
relies on hemodynamic response
more oxygenated
hemoglobin in regions of greater neural activity
detect iron - magnetic field produced by hemoglobin
over long period detection
no radioactive substance
finer resolution
near-infrared sensing
light
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation
briefly incapacitate a region
Using fMRI to Study Equation Solving
relatively simple cognitive tasks
possible to study more complex processes
equation solving
right hand
left motor and somatosensory cortex
imagined transformations
left parietal cortex involved in mental imagery
retrieval of arithmetic information
left prefrontal cortex
hemodynamic response to a neural activity is delayed
researchers can separately track different information-processing components involved in performing a complex task
poor temporal resolution
difficult to study brief tasks
can study long tasks
high spatial resolution
separate out different components of the overall processing