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An infant who has been diagnosed with circulatory problems and anemia is…

- - - - The cells are supposed to be disc-shaped, but this changes them into a crescent, or sickle, shape.
    - - low red blood cell count
      - circulatory problems
        
        Red blood cells are designed to pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it throughout the body via the circulatory system. However, affected cells can clog up blood vessels preventing adequate blood flow.
    - - Hereditary
  - - - The mutation causes the hemoglobin in the red blood cells to distort to sickle shape when deoxygenated
        
        The change converts a glutamatic acid codon (GAG) to a valine codon (GTG)
- - - - high blood pressure in the lungs (shortness of breath or fatigue)
    - - sickle cells can block the vessels to you eyes
    - - the sickle cells could block the the flow of blood vessels which can be life threatening
    - - can occur if the sickle cells block blood flow to a certain area of the brain
  - - - lungs
        
        The irregularly shaped red blood cells get stuck in the blood vessels which block blood flow and oxygen flow
    - - red blood cells
    - - anemia
        
        results in an increase in cardiac output
      - heart
    - - liver
        
        It is the livers job to break down the bilirubin. The extra bilirubin can become a gallstone in the gallbladder.
    - - kidneys
        
        Kidney damage and loss of body water in the urine
    - - The range of motion is often restricted because of the pain
- - - - provides structural support
        
        monomer:
        
        monosaccharide
        
        fructose
        
        glucose
        
        disaccharides
        
        sucrose
        
        polysaccharides
        
        starch
    - - stores and communicates genetic information
        
        monomers
        
        nucleotides
        
        types
        
        RNA
        
        rRNA, tRNA, mRNA
        
        A(adenine)
        
        U(uracil)
        
        C(cytosine)
        
        builds proteins
        
        G(guanine)
        
        found in the cytoplasm
        
        carries genetic information to the ribosomes.
        
        Single stranded
        
        Ribosome
        
        cell structure that makes up protein
        
        The complete amino acid chain is released from the ribosome and folds
        
        mRNA attaches to the ribosomes
        
        Rough ER
        
        produces proteins
        
        DNA
        
        A(adenine)
        
        T(thymine)
        
        replication, encoding, mutation and gene expression
        
        G(guanine)
        
        C(cytosine)
        
        found in the nucleus of the cell
        
        genetic material
        
        Double stranded
    - - insulator that stores energy
        
        Monomers: glycerol and fatty acids
        
        Types
        
        phospholipids
        
        triglycerides
        
        satured and unsatured fats
      - hydrophobic tail and phospholipid bilayer
    - - speeds reactions and transports substances
        
        monomers
        
        amino acids
      - Secondary Structure
        
        Beta- sheets
        
        Alpha helix
        
        form by hydrogen bonding between the atoms
      - Primary Structure
        
        Process in which peptide bonds join amino acids into a polypeptide
      - Tertiary Structure
        
        3D shape
        
        R groups
        
        give proteins a very specific shape
        
        polar or non polar
      - Quaternary Straucture
        
        arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains into one complex
        
        hemoglobin
    - - Cardiovascular System
        
        transports and circulates blood throughout the body
        
        heart
      - Urinary System
        
        eliminates waste
      - Digestive System
        
        breaks down food
        
        gallblader
      - Respiratory System
        
        in charge of gas exchange
    - - Rough ER
        
        Protein production
      - Ribosomes
      - Nucleus
        
        DNA storage
- - - - Primary structure
      - Secondary structure
        
        Alpha Helix
        
        Beta Sheets
      - Tertiary structure
        
        R groups
      - Quaternary structure
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        DNA Polymerase
    - - DNA
        
        nucleotides
        
        A(adenine)
        
        G(guanine)
        
        T(thyme)
        
        C(cytosine)
        
        A(adenine)
        
        C(cytosine)
        
        G(guanine)
        
        U(uracil)
      - RNA
    - - non polar
      - Hydrophobic (water fearing)
      - fatty acid
    - - sugars
      - starches
      - fibers