Physiological Selection: traits that act on bodily functions/structures

Bottleneck Effect: when a large population is drastically reduced by a non-selective disaster such as famine, natural disaster, or loss of habitat. Loss of variation by chance narrows gene pool

Founder Effect: a new population is started by a small group of individuals. Some rare traits maybe at high frequency of "fixed" (at 100%) and others may be missing (or "lost")

Sexual Dimorphism: differences between genders; indicative of the effects of sexual selection

Intrasexual Selection: members of one sex compete amongst themselves for mates. Males fighting for dominance

Introsexual Selection: when the same sex competes aggressively to mate w/ the opposite sex

Directional Sexual Selection: when an individual makes themselves attractive to the opposite sex

Adaptation: a characteristic that improve's an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

Fitness: the relative ability to survive and create offspring (also known as "differential reproductive success)

Population Theory: when there is an overgrowth of a population, random disasters occur, and those who survive reproduce again.

Theory of Catastrophism: theory that the Earth had been largely shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope

Genetic Flow: change in the frequency of traits in a population due to immigration/emigration. Causes equalizing change and is hard to predict its effects

Stabilizing Selection: selects against extreme phenotypes and favors the majority that are well-adapted to their environment

Directional Selection: when a favored trait is at one extreme and of the range of traits, which leads to distinct changes in the frequency of that expressed trait in a population when a single phenotype is favored

Disruptive Selection: when two traits are being selected for, both in the extremes and both to the exclusion of each other

Theory of Uniformitarianism: theory that the world was forced by gradual changes over long periods of time

Coevolution: two or more species reciprocally effect each other's evolution. ex: predator-prey, competition, symbiosis