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AP Biology (Evolution (Terms (Sexual Selection (Sexual Dimorphism:…

- - - - Natural Selction (see under Evolution - Terms)
    - - Theory of Catastrophism: theory that the Earth had been largely shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope
    - - Population Theory: when there is an overgrowth of a population, random disasters occur, and those who survive reproduce again.
    - - Theory of Uniformitarianism: theory that the world was forced by gradual changes over long periods of time
  - - - Adaptation: a characteristic that improve's an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment
      - Fitness: the relative ability to survive and create offspring (also known as "differential reproductive success)
    - - Sexual Dimorphism: differences between genders; indicative of the effects of sexual selection
      - Intrasexual Selection: members of one sex compete amongst themselves for mates. Males fighting for dominance
      - Introsexual Selection: when the same sex competes aggressively to mate w/ the opposite sex
      - Directional Sexual Selection: when an individual makes themselves attractive to the opposite sex
    - - Genetic Drift: change in the frequency of traits in a population due to chance events. This causes random change, not selective or adaptive change
        
        Bottleneck Effect: when a large population is drastically reduced by a non-selective disaster such as famine, natural disaster, or loss of habitat. Loss of variation by chance narrows gene pool
        
        Founder Effect: a new population is started by a small group of individuals. Some rare traits maybe at high frequency of "fixed" (at 100%) and others may be missing (or "lost")
      - Genetic Flow: change in the frequency of traits in a population due to immigration/emigration. Causes equalizing change and is hard to predict its effects
      - Genotype: the genetic constitution of an individual organism
    - - Stabilizing Selection: selects against extreme phenotypes and favors the majority that are well-adapted to their environment
      - Directional Selection: when a favored trait is at one extreme and of the range of traits, which leads to distinct changes in the frequency of that expressed trait in a population when a single phenotype is favored
      - Disruptive Selection: when two traits are being selected for, both in the extremes and both to the exclusion of each other