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Civic Humanism (Early Humanism (Emergence of Civic Humanism (Political and…

- - - - Economics
        
        Wool production under the leadership of the Calimala Guild. This was the most important production in Florence.
        
        Florence's location along the Arno River was important for trade and textile production. The contado was also important for the economy.
        
        1250: Creation of the Republic. Florence becomes politically independent.
        
        1252: the Gold Florian is minted. There is then a rise in Florentine banking families. Ex) Peruzzi, Bardi, Almieri, Scali, Medici.
        
        Social Mobility
        
        There were opportunities for social mobility. Ex) The Medici family were merchants, but eventually became the wealthiest family in Europe through banking.
        
        Florentine social groups: nobility, merchant-elite, merchants, lawyers and notaries, artisans (21 guilds), and the landless labourers (Ciompi).
        
        Guilds: regulated trade and were the basis of governance from the 13th century.
        
        14 lesser guilds: associated with labour. Ex) Carpentry, blacksmiths, grammar teachers.
        
        7 Higher guilds: had the highest political status. Ex) Wool, Banking, Goldsmiths.
      - A city of wealthy merchants and bankers. Civic humanism and "new learning" critical to participate in local governance.
    - - The influence of the political works of Cicero, Plato, etc. on Florence.
    - - Coluccio Salutati
        
        Chancellor of Florence for 31 years
        
        The face of the Florentine republic and a source of stability.
        
        Used his status to display the utility of humanist learning in political life.
        
        Organized study groups.
        
        Hired an ancient Greek teacher: Manuel Chrysoloras who taught several famous humanists. #
        
        Recruited humanists into political office. #
        
        Advocated for Petrarch's new form of learning, and admired Cicero's political side which he found relevant to their society.
      - Leonardo Bruni
        
        Chancellor of Florence (1410-1414) and (1427-1444)
        
        Greek scholar
- - - - Classical values and elements included the use of symmetry, with forms such as columns and round arches.
      - Florentine churches and charitable institutions had an interest in symmetry which reflected the classical beliefs of perfection, harmony, and order as critical values.
- - - - Strengths: more equitable tax system, stable during peace times, more inclusive consultative process. Weaknesses: slow to react during crises, factionalism.
      - 2 legislative assemblies: Council of the Popolo and the Council of the Commune.
      - Signoria: legislative branch including 9 priors serving 2 month terms. Under them were the 12 buonomini and 16 gonfalonieri. 15 magistracies were responsible for the judiciary.
      - 1293 Ordinance of Justice: 21 guilds forming the basis of government, a militia of 1,000 men, and restrictions were put on noble families.
      - Patrician Government
        
        Formed from 1382-1434, in response to popular instability. Ex) Ciompi Revolts (1378-1383).
        
        The Signoria became dominated by a small group of the mercantile elite.
        
        Major political families: Albizzi, Medici, Strozzi, Ricci, Pitti.
        
        The Patriciate Regime: the Albizzi family in power (1382-1434). Restricted access to office.
        
        Medici take full control in 1434.