Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Infant with sickle-cell disease (Downstream Causes (Anemia (Hemorrhaging,…
Infant with sickle-cell disease
Background Info
Anatomy
Circulatory System
Heart
Blood Vessels
Blood Connective Tissue
Erythrocytes
Blood cells in sickle cell disease are shaped like sickles because of the long chains of mutated hemoglobin.
4 macromolecules: proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids
protein
hemoglobin
sickle cell hemoglobin has a Valine amino acid instead of a Glutamate that is nonpolar and forms hydrophobic chains that stick together like tent poles.
4 Types of Amino Acids
Non polar
polar
positive charge
negative charge
Respiratory System
Lungs
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lymphatic System
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Physiology
Circulatory System: Transports blood that carries respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes.
Blood Vessels: Carry blood cells to parts of the body to oxygenate and retrieve carbon dioxide
Blood Connective Tissue: Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes. White blood cells fight off invading viruses and bacteria.
Hemoglobin: it binds to oxygen or carbon dioxide to transport it in the bloodstream. In sickle cell disease, oxygen does not bind well to the sickle cells and this causes respiratory issues and anemia.
Red Blood Cell: builds hemoglobin proteins in order to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide from respiratory to circulatory systems
Hemoglobin, a protein, is made by the linking of amino acids with peptide bonds.
Erythrocytes: normally they carry oxygen and carbon dioxide for respiration and cell processes but in sickle cell disease these red blood cells' sickle shape causes them to stick to the blood vessel walls and build up, making it harder for the respiratory gases to be transported
Respiratory System: Bronchioles transports oxygen and Carbon dioxide out and into the body, alveoli transfer the gases from the lungs to the circulatory system for the body to receive. In sickle-cell disease a cough and fever can form, called acute chest syndrome
Lymphatic System: rid the body of wastes, toxins, and other unwanted stuff. Transports lymph throughout the body, which contains white blood cells that fight infection.
The spleen filters out bad blood cells, waste, and germs from the blood. In sickle cell disease, sickle- shaped blood cells can block the blood from flowing through the spleen. This causes it to fill with blood and become swollen, known as splenic sequestration. This also results in severe anemia because there is not enough oxygen in the bloodstream.
Upstream Causes
Hereditary (Inherited): If you receive sickle cell trait from both parents, you have sickle cell disease.
Sickle cell trait is caused by a one nucleotide mutation in the HBB gene, which provides instructions for making beta-globin.
Downstream Causes
Anemia
Hemorrhaging
Ulcers
Menstrual problems
Cancer
Delayed growth and development in children
Severe pain episodes in joints, abdomen, and limbs
Treatment: Blood transfusions
Infection
Systemic infection
Fever
Nausea
Death
Treatment: antibiotics, blood transfusions
Acute Chest Syndrome
Death
Chest Pain
Coughing
Difficulty breathing
Fever
Treatment: Oxygen, medicine to open up airways or treat infection, blood transfusion
Splenic Sequestration
Death
Swelling
Weakness
Fast Breathing
Extreme Thirst
Abdominal pain
Treatment: blood transfusions
Vision Loss
Treatment: laser treatment to prevent retina from damaging more
Leg ulcers
Infection
Amputation
Treatment: medicated creams/ointments, pain medicine
Stroke
Death
Paralysis
Loss of coordination, loss of memory
Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
Disability
Death
Treatment: medication