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Earth Structures Topic Part 2 (Soil (Types (Alluvial (Very Fine Rocks,…
Earth Structures Topic Part 2
Soil
Topmost Layer Of Earth, Plants Grow On It
Pedology
It's Study
Soil Formation/ Pedogenesis
1) Weathering
Breakdown Of Rocks Into Fine, Smaller Mineral Particles
Physical
Caused By Physical Agents
Temperature
Water
Running Streams, Wind
Snow, Ice Glaciers
Biological
Tree Roots
Certain Organisms (ie. Bacteria)
Chemical
eg. Hydration, Hydrolysis
2) Development
Nature Determined:
Rocks Formed From
Organism Or Vegetation Grown
Climate
Composition
Inorganic (Mineral) Matter
Organic Matter (Humus)
Soil Organisms
Soil Water
Soil Air
Profile
Vertical Selection Of Soil Up to Bedrock to Show Up to Bedrock to Show Different Layers Of Soil
A-Horizon/ Topsoil
Uppermost Layer, Large Amounts Of Organic Matter, Humus
B-Horizon/ Subsoil
Below A-H, Little Organic Matter, Rich in Iron, Aluminium Compounds, High in Clay Content, Poorly Aerated, Devoid Of Life
C-Horizon
Lies Below B-H, Lumps Of Parent Rock Material, Small Amounts Of Organic Matter, Little Or No Life
Bedrock
Below C-H, Unweathered Parent Rock, Soil Formed Here
Particles
Texture
Determines
Water Holding Capacity
Types
Clay
Gravel/ Stone
Sand
Silt
Soil Types Based On
Clayey
Clay Particles, Maximum Water Holding Capacity, Poorly Aerated, Roots Cannot Penetrate, Cannot Afford Luxurious Plant Growth
Sandy
Mainly Sand, Small Amounts Of Clay, Very Little Water Holding Capacity, Well Aerated, Fertility is Cool
Loamy
Almost Equal Amounts of Sand and Clay, Good Amounts of Humus, Fertile, Ideal For Wheat Rice
Types
Alluvial
Very Fine Rocks, Brought Down By Rivers, Contains Sand, Clay, Loam, Rich in Humus, Fertile
Black/ Regur/ Black Cotton
Formed From Cooled and Hard Molten Lava From the Eruption of a Volcano, Extremely Fine Clay Particles, Retains Water For a Long Time
Red
Weathered Old Metamorphic Rocks, Red Due to High Iron Content, Loose Gravel, Less Water Holding Capacity, Deficient in Organic Matter Or Hummus
Laterite
Low Humus Level Due to High Temperatures Destroying Bacteria and Other Microorganisms, Suitable For Cultivation With Manure and Fertilizers
Desert
Dry, Sandy, Porous, High Salt Content, Lacks Moisture and Humus, Ideal With Irrigation
Mountain
High Humus Content, Loam, Silt at Valley Side, Highly Fertile
Erosion
Removal Of Top Soil
Causes
Floods, Heavy Rains
Cattle Overgrazing
Forest Fires
Deforestation
Poor Farming Methods
Agents
Water
Wind
Man
Conservation
Prevention Of Soil Erosion
Afforestation
Terrace Farming
Regular Farming
Strip Cropping
Shelter Belts
Crop Rotation
Dam and Embankments Construction
Overgrazing Prevention (Cattle)