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Biochemistry (Structure and function of large biological molecules :…
Biochemistry
Structure and function of large biological molecules :
Carbohydrates
are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, vegetables and milk products
Ex: C6H12O6
Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbs.
Lipids
grouped with each other because they mix poorly, not big enough to be considered macromolecules
organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents
fats aren't polymers they are large molecules assembled from smaller molecules by dehydration reactions, constructed by glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acids have long carbon skeleton, carbon at end is part of carboxyl group
Ex: butter, oils, steroids, waxes, phospholipids
Dehydration and Hydrolysis reactions
Dehydration Reactions
reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule
Ex: 2 C2H5OH <--> C4H10O+ H2O
Connects monomers to form polymers
Hydrolysis Reactions
the opposite process of dehydration synthesis, bonds between monomers in a polymer are broken by adding water molecules
disconnects bonds between monomers which disassemble polymers
Ex: C4H10O +H2O <--> 2C2H5OH
Enzymes
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
Ex: Lipase, Amylase, Maltase, Trypsin
Proteins
major function is to act as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules, regulatory proteins for gene expression
building blocks are amino acids which form peptide bonds with each other
Ex: Hemoglobin, Insulin
Polymer
a long molecule consisting of manysimilar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
monomers are the repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer
Ex: nylon, polyester, teflon, epoxy
Nucleic Acids
enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next
2 types
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
forms a double helix shape
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins
usually single stranded
building blocks are nucleotides
Carbon and the molecular diversity of life
Organic Chemistry
The study of compounds containing carbon
Ex: gasoline, plastics, detergents, etc
Hydrocarbons
Organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
Ex: Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6), Ethene(C2H4)
Functional Groups
Chemical Groups directly involved in a chemical reaction
7 important groups
Hydroxyl Group
forms hydrogen bond with water helping it to dissolve compounds like sugar
formula -OH
Ex: ethanol the alcohol present in alcoholic drinks
Compound name: Alcohol
Carbonyl Group
it can increase or decrease the boiling point of a compound
Ex: Acetone
formula >C=O
Compound name: Ketone or Aldehyde
Carboxyl Group
acts as an acid since the bond between hydrogen and oxygen is polar
formula -COOH
Ex: Acetic acid
Compound name: Carboxylic Acid or Organic Acid
Sulfhydryl Group
helps stabilize protein structure
formula -SH
Ex: Cysteine
Compound name: Thiol
Phosphate Group
contributes negative charge, once attached it confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy
formula -OPO3^2-
Ex: Glycerol Phosphate
Compound name: Organic Phosphate
Methyl Group
affects the genes when on DNA or proteins bound to DNA and affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones
formula -CH3
Ex: Methylcytosine
Compound name: Methylated Compound
Amino Group
acts as a base since it can pick up a hydrogen from the surrounding solution
formula -NH2
Ex: Glycine
Compound name: Amine
ATP
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
helps store and transfer energy between cells
consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to 3 phosphate groups