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The Structure and Function of Large Biomolecules (Nucleic Acids (Polymers:…
The Structure and Function of Large Biomolecules
Chapter 5
Nucleic Acids
Monomers
Nucleic Acid
Sugar base
Ribose (RNA)
Deoxyribose (DNA)
Nitrogenous base
Pyrimdines: Cytosine, Thymine (DNA), Uracil (RNA)
Pruines: Adenine, Guanine
Phosphate group
5' end: No hydroxide
3' end: Hydroxide group
Polymers: Hydrogen bonds (dehydration)
DNA
RNA
Structure
DNA: Double Helix
RNA: Single strand
Lipids
Polymers: ester linkage (dehydration)
Triglycerol (fat)
Diglycerol (Phospholipid)
Monomers
Fatty Acids
Glycerol
Structure
Saturated
Carbon bonds filled by hydrogen (straight)
Unsaturated
Carbon bonds unfulfilled, one or two hydrogen missing (kinked)
Carbohydrates
Monomer
Monosaccharides: Have the general moelcular formula CH20
Polymers: Glycosidic linkage (dehydration)
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Proteins
Monomers
Amino acids
Side Chain
Nonpolar: Hydrophobic
Polar: Hydrophilic
Charged: Acid or Base
Amine Group
Alpha Carbon
Carboxyl Group
Polymers: Peptide bonds (dehydration)
Amine group and Carboxyl group bind
Structure
Secondary
Coils and folds of the polypetide chains: Alpha helix/ Beta pleated sheet
Tertiary
The full combination of secondary structues
Primary
Sequence of amino acids
Quaternary
The full combination of tertiary sctrutres, usually the 3d formation
Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life
Carbon Structure
carbon skeleton
Branched or unbranched configurations are a product of double or triple bonds between carbons.
Shape of skeleton influences what other elements or molecules can bond
Variation types: Length, Branching, Double bond position, Presence of rings
isomers
geometric: Differ in spatial arrangements
enantiomer: Mirror images of each other caused by an asymmetric carbon at center.
Structural: Differ from each other in the covalent arrangements
electron configuration
4 Valence electrons: 4 bonds possible
Allows carbon to serve as a chemical intersection
Carbon Bonding
Geometric arrangement
Number
Functional Groups
Amino
(NH2) acts as a base, reffered to as a amine
Carboxyl
(COOH) are identified as acids
Sulfhydryl
(SH) stabilize protein structures, referred to as thiols
Phosphate
(OPO3^2-) contribute negative charges to reactions
Carbonyl
(CO) are identified as ketones or aldehyde
Methyl
(CH3) prominent in DNA compounds
Hydroxyl
(OH) are identified as alcohols
Organic Compounds
Central: Carbon
serves as the chemical intersection for many organic compounds, can form 4 bonds
Secondary: Oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous, Hydrogen
O: 2 bonds, N: 3 bonds, S: 2/6 bonds, P: 5 bonds, Hydrogen: 1 bond
Chapter 4
Biochemistry