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(UNFINISHED) Geography - The changing economic world (Development…

- - - - High birth / death rate which fluctuates due to disease famine and war
      - Population stable and low
      - Narrow apex, wide base, concave
    - - Death rate decreasing
      - Birth rate remain high
      - Population grows
      - Higher wide apex, greater central bulge
    - - Birth rate drops rapidly
      - Death rate continues decreasing at decreasing rate
      - Population grows at slower rate
      - Curved wide apex, prominent central bulge, narrower base
    - - Population grows from immigration
      - Low birth / death rate which fluctuates due to economic condition
      - Higher apex, central bulge similar width at all ages, smaller base, slight lean to left
    - - Birth rate very low, below death rate
      - Death rate slight increase due to ageing population
      - Total population decreases
      - Narrower base than central bulge, convex shape
  - - - Assumes all countries will pass through same stages Europe did
      - Many African countries may never go through industrialisation and reach stage 4
    - - Africa slipping almost back to stage 1 due to AIDS and HIV in south
      - Not account for migration
- - - - Climate
        
        Unable to have regular water supply
        
        Affects people's health
        
        Affects ability to grow crops
        
        Inability to supply food means they remain smaller communities and poor
        
        They can't use money for water storage and distribution
        
        Can't develop commercial farming as they have poor irrigation
        
        Climate related diseases / pests
        
        Mosquitos / Malaria
        
        Less healthy people to work and support family
      - Natural hazards
        
        Severely detrimental to countries development
        
        Destroys crops / livestock
        
        Destroys infrastructure necessary for growth, trade, recovering
      - Physical location
        
        Landlocked
        
        Less trade routes and reliance on neighbouring countries
        
        Steep / Mountainous terrain
        
        Harder to build infrastructure such as transport or communication
        
        Harder to grow crops
    - - Types of product
        
        Reliance on primary sector (generally worth less)
        
        Little purchasing power
        
        Difficult to pay off debts
        
        Difficult to escape from poverty
        
        Reliance on only one export, which leaves them vulnerable
        
        Primary product prices fluctuate
      - Trade
        
        Tariffs
        
        Foreign goods are made more expensive
        
        HICs can demand lower prices
        
        Quotas work in favour of HICs to protect THEIR market
        
        Global trade is expensive
        
        Requires infrastructure, transport / energy networks and distribution
        
        LICs lose out on accessing global trade networks
    - - Conflict
        
        Disrupts development
        
        Destroys infrastructure
        
        Can cause catastrophic loss of population
        
        Money and resources wrongly diverted into conflict instead of country's development
        
        Disruption to education
        
        28.5m children in conflict-affected areas in 2013, were unable to attend school
        
        Limits opportunities of future generation
        
        Political unrest after war
        
        Disruption of living conditions
      - Colonialism
        
        Money from natural resources went to colonial powers
        
        Political struggle after occupiers had left
        
        Reliance on colonial power
        
        Civil wars and conflicts (5m deaths related to ethnic / border conflicts in DR congo, Uganda and Rwanda in 1990s)
  - - - UK income average 40x higher than in Chad
      - 2014 - 85 richest owned same amount of wealth as poorest half of the world population
      - Average LIC incomes increased 11% but family incomes are more unevenly distributed (1990s to 2010s)
      - Less opportunities and resources due to wealth disparity
      - (Disparity within) India's richest 10% own 3/4 of the total wealth
    - - Infant mortality almost 20x higher in some LICs compared to HICs
      - Many causes of death in HICs are linked to luxuries such as alcohol cigarettes and unhealthy food
      - The types of diseases that are life threatening in LICs and NEEs are actually easily preventable (diarrhoaea, dysentery and tuberculosis)
      - Life expectancy is roughly 30 years more in HICs as death is caused by old age rather than disease
    - - Better healthcare
        
        Better treatment
      - More doctors being trained, faster admittance into hospitals
      - More research into diseases and vaccinations
      - More access to medicine and vaccinations
      - More knowledge on healthy lifestyle and a better quality diet
      - More knowledge on protecting from diseases such as HIV / AIDS / Malaria
- - - - More developed countries typically have lower birth rates as there is no need to account for high infant mortality rates, if they no longer exist
      - Lower death rates also coincide with better healthcare and medical/health infrastructure
      - Less children are needed to work and support the family, e.g agricultural work
    - - Government campaigns or policies, such as the one child policy
      - Wars or natural disasters
  - - - Shows how developed a country's healthcare system is
  - - - Reflects upon country's healthcare system and standard of living
      - Provision of care for the elderly
  - - - Lower ratio usually indicates a richer country, with better healthcare that isn't as strained as in a LIC
  - - - Shows how developed the education system in a country is
      - High female literacy rates tend to coincide with knowledge of contraception and a falling birth rate
  - - - Accurately reflects the standard of living and access to necessities
  - - - Includes education, life expectancy and standard of living