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right elbow appears broken; part of the bone in the upper arm appears to…

- - - - Spongy bone on the inside
        
        Medullary Cavity
        
        Stores Yellow bone marrow
        
        contains fats and minerals
    - - proximal epiphysis- closest to attachment point
      - Distal Epiphysis- farthest from attachment point
      - compact bone on outside
        
        Provides protection and support
      - Spongy bone on the inside
        
        Stores red bone marrow
        
        Hemato Poesis- making of blood cells
        
        trabeculae- framework
    - - protective membrane surrounding bones that contains blood vessels
        
        dual layer, tough outer sheath covering bones; anchored to the bone by collagen fibers called
        perforating fibers or ‘Sharpey’s fiber
    - - perforating canal
      - Concentric lamellae
        
        Lacuna
        
        small spaces where osteocytes are found
        
        Osteocytes
        
        mature bone cells
        
        Canaliculi
        
        small pathways that allow osteocytes to share nutrients
        
        layers within an osteon
      - Basic unit of compact bone
      - Central Canal
        
        blood supply in middle; nerves also run through this
    - - layers of lamellae around circumference of bone
    - - Osteoclasts
        
        eat bone
      - Osteoblasts
        
        bulid bone
      - covers internal surfaces of the bone within the medullary cavity
      - osteoprogenitor cells
        
        derived from the mesenchyme and develop into osteoblasts
    - - found in mature bone
        
        located between the diaphysis and epiphysis
        
        contains the epiphyseal or
        growth plate
    - - no osteons
      - Trabeculae
        
        provide the bone’s
        resistance to stress
  - - - Osteoid
        
        organic component of bone connective tissue
        
        composed of collagen protein, semisolid ground substance
        of proteoglycans, and glycoproteins
      - Salt crystals
        
        inorganic portion of the bone matrix; mainly calcium phosphate
    - - yields brittle bones
    - - yields soft bones.
  - - - Intramembranous Ossification
        
        produces flat bones of the skull, some facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of
        the clavicle
        
        8th-12th week- skeleton begins forming from thickened condensations of mesenchyme
        
        Osteoid undergoes calcification
        
        woven bone and its surrounding periosteum form
        
        lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact bone and spongy bone form
        
        bone growth within a membrane
        
        refering to thin layer of mesenchyme
      - Endochondral Ossification
        
        produces most bones of the skeleton and begins with the development of the fetal hyaline
        cartilage model
        
        8th-12th week skeleton begins forming from a hyaline cartilage model of bone
        
        cartilage calcifies, and a periosteal bone collar forms
        
        the primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
        
        Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis
        
        Bone replaces almost all cartilage, except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal cartilage
        
        1 more item...
      - begins in the embryo and continues as skeleton grows during childhood and adolescence
  - - - depends upon cartilage growth within the epiphyseal plate and consists of five continuous
        microscopic zones
        
        zone of resting cartilage
        
        composed of chondrocytes
        
        secures the epiphysis to the epiphyseal plate
        
        nearest the epiphysis
        
        zone of proliferating cartilage
        
        where chondrocytes undergo mitotic cell division, align into longitudinal columns of
        flattened lacunae
        
        sit parallel to the diaphysis
        
        zone of hypertrophic cartilage
        
        where chondrocytes stop dividing, hypertrophy, and resorb matrix
        
        zone of calcified cartilage
        
        where minerals deposit in the matrix between lacunae columns and calcification
        destroys the chondrocytes
        
        zone of ossification
        
        where walls between lacunae break down, forming longitudinal channels that will be
        occupied by capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the medullary cavity
      - end of interstitial growth- noted once hyaline cartilage is lost and an epiphyseal line is present
    - - osteoblasts produce and deposit bone matrix in external circumferential lamellae
        
        as the number of lamellae rings increase so does the diameter of the bone
      - osteoclasts
        along the medullary cavity resorb matrix
        
        medullary cavity expands
      - occurs within periosteum
  - - - Muscle contraction and gravitational forces significantly affect bone remodeling and strength
        
        removal of
        these mechanical stressors will weaken the bone due to collagen reduction and demineralization
  - - - stimulates liver to produce hormone IGF, which causes cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plate and resulting in bone elongation
    - - stimulates bone growth by stimulating metabolic rate of osteoblasts
    - - Promotes calcium decomposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity
    - - stimulates absorption of calcium ions from the small intestine into the blood
    - - increases blood calcium levels by encouraging bone resorption by osteoclasts
    - - stimulate osteoblasts; promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure
    - - increase bone loss and, in children, impair bone growth when there are chronically high levels
    - - inhibits osteoprogenitor cells from differentiating into osteoblasts when levels are chronically high
  - - - severing of a body part, typically the toe or finger
    - - a break in the distal end of the radius
    - - when the bone is splintered into several small pieces
    - - when the bone is broken into two or more pieces
    - - where the bone is squashed; most commonly this occurs in the vertebrae
    - - when a part of the bone forms a concavity, as in the skull
    - - when the fractured bone is out of anatomic alignment
    - - when the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate
    - - partial fracture; one side of the bone breaks—the other side is bent
    - - fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned
    - - where one fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other
    - - partial fracture that extends only partway across the bone
    - - is parallel to the long axis of the bone
    - - diagonal fracture
    - - fracture at the distal end of the tibia and fibula
    - - spirals around the axis of a long bone
    - - at a right angle to a long bone axis
  - - - fibrocartillaginous callus forms
        
        hard callus forms
        
        bone is remodelled
        
        lasts at least 3 weeks
      - forms from clotting blood caused by fracture
  - - - enhances calcium absorption from gastrointestinal tract
    - - calcification
    - - required for collagen formation
- - - - if not treated could result in death
      - antibiotics can be given to prevent infection
    - - decrease in blood pressure
        
        apply pressure
        
        if not stopped can result in death
- - - - bones become weaker and are more prone to fractures
    - - increase in osteoclasts
        
        decrease in bone
        
        thiner and weaker bones more prone to break
- - - - pain medication can be given