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Earth Structures Topic Part 1 (Minerals (Fossils (Helps: (Scientists…
Earth Structures Topic Part 1
Structure of Earth
Crust
Outermost, Variety of Rocks
Mantle
Middle, Molten and Solid Rocks
Upper Mantle
Lower Mantle
Core
Innermost, Molten and Solid Iron and Nickel
Outer Core
Molten Iron and Nickel
Inner Core
Solid, Compressed Iron and Nickel
Minerals
Naturally Occuring Element Or Compound, Definite Chemical, Composition and Physical Properties
Mining
Process in Which Minerals Are Extracted From Earth
Rocks
Igneous
Cooled and Solidified Magma
Granite-Origin
Cooled Magma, Found in Moderate Depths Beneath Earth's Surface
Basalt-Origin
Cooled Magma From Volcano
Intrusive
Formed Below Surface Of Earth
Granite
Slow Cooling, White, Pink, Red, Quartz, Mica, Feldspar, Very Hard
Uses: Paving Stones, Statues
Extrusive
Formed On the Surface Of Earth
Obsidian
Quick Cooling, Black, Dark, Smooth to Touch, Glassy
Uses: Gemstone, Jewellery
Basalt
Very Fast Cooling, Quick Hardening, Dark Grey, Black, Iron, Magnesium, Fine-Grained, Glassy
Pumice
Quick Cooling Of Frothy Lava, Pores, Light, Light Grey, Cream
Uses: Teeth Polishing Powder, Body Scrubber
Sedimentary
Pressurized, Deposited Tiny Bits Of Rocks (Sediments) at the Bottom Of the Sea By the Action of it's Agents (Rivers, Winds, Glaciers)
Sandstone
Compact, Compressed Layers of Sand Particles
Uses: Common Building Material, Paving Material
Conglomerate/ Pudding Stone
Cemented Gravel
Uses: Building Materials
Shale
Hardened, Compacted By Pressure, Layers of Clay
Uses: Tiles, Bricks
Limestone
Mainly Calcite (Shells and Skeletons Of Dead, Tiny Sea Creatures Settled At the Bottom Of the Sea Forming Layers)
Uses: Lime, Paper
Metamorphic
Physically and Chemically Changed Ig., Sd. Or Other Mm Rocks Due to Intense Heat and Pressure Underground
Marble
Changed Limestone
Uses: Statues, Sculptures
Slate
Changed Shale
Uses: Slates, Blackboards
Gneiss
Changed Granite
Uses: Building Stone
Quartzite
Changed Sandstone
Uses: Glass, Ceramic
Fossil Fuels
Materials Of Biological Origin, Occurs Within Crust, When Burnt in Air Produces Heat Energy
Types
Coal
Complex Mixture Of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen
Formation (Carbonzation)
Dead Plants Get Covered By Rocks and Soil, Decomposing, Process Repeats, Gets Buried Deeper Where High Temperatures and Pressure Turns it to Coal
Carboniferous Age
Took Place in
Types
Peat
First Stage, 50-60% Carbon
Lignite
Second Stage, 70% Carbon
Bituminous
Third Stage, 80-85% Carbon
Anthracite/ Hard Coal
Final Stage, Over 90% Carbon
Petroleum
Dark-Coloured, Viscous, Strong Smelling, Solid, Liquid, Gas Hydrocarbon Mixture
Formation
Dead Marine Animals, Settled at the Bottom Of the Ocean, Gets Covered With Sand and Rocks, Gets Buried Deeper Where High Temperatures and Pressure Liquefy It
Natural Gas
Mainly Methane, Some Butane and Propane, Hydrocarbon Gas Mixture
Fossils
Fossilization
Formation
Preserved Remains Or Traces Of Organisms That Existed Long Ago
Paleontology
Study
Helps:
Scientists Determine Age Of Rocks
When and What Happened in Earth's History
Recognize Rocks of the Same and Different Ages