Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Ch4-5 (4.2 (Variation in Carbon Skeletons (four ways that carbon skeletons…

- - - - (a) Length
      - (b) Branching :
      - (c) Double and position
      - (d) Presence of rings
- - - - (Enzymatic proteins ) Selective acceleration of
        chemical reactions
      - (Storage proteins) Storage of amino acids
      - (Transport proteins) Transport of substances
      - (Hormonal proteins) Coordination of an organism’s
        activities
      - (Receptor proteins) Response of cell to chemical
        stimuli
      - (Contractile and motor proteins) Movement
      - (Structural proteins) Support
  - - - regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
    - - three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
    - - linear chain of amino acids
    - - association of two or more polypeptides
  - - - ribbon model
      - wireframe model
      - space filling model
- - - - made of monomers called nucleotides
      - (DNA) provides directions for its own replication
      - (RNA) directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis
        
        This process is called gene expression
    - - the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance
- - - - (a) Methane
      - (b) Ethane
      - (c) Ethylene
- - - - Saturated have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds
      - Unsaturated have one or more double bonds
- - - - the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles
      - The architecture and function of a polysaccharide are determined by its sugar monomers
    - - Plants store surplus starch as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
      - The simplest form of starch is amylose
      - a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers
      - glycogen
        
        is a storage polysaccharide in animals
        
        vertebrates store glycogen in liver and muscle cells
    - - cellulose is a polymer of glucose, but the glycosidic linkages differ
      - The difference is based on two ring forms for glucose: alpha (α) and beta (β)
        
        a- is largely helical
        
        B- are straight and unbranched
      - The polysaccharide cellulose is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells
    - - disaccharide : consist of two monosaccharides joined
      - glycosidic linkage : a covalent bond formed between two mon saccharides
      - monosaccharides
        
        Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharide
        
        have molecular formulas  that are usually multiples of CH2O
        
        Monosaccharides are classified by
        
        The location of the carbonyl group
        
        The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton