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Development of Neuropsychology (Brain Imaging (Computed Tomography (CT) (X…
Development of Neuropsychology
Classic theories
Mentalism
Aristotle's
psyche
(384 - 322 BCE)
Mind is responsible for behavior.
Dualism
René Descartes (1596 - 1650)
Nonmaterial mind and physical body together make behavior.
Materialism
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1913) & Charles Darwin (1809 - 1892)
The physical (material) body is solely responsible for behavior.
Characteristics of brain
Structural discoveries (Brain theory)
Localization of function
Franz Josef Gall & Johann Casper Spurzheim (1800s)
Functional cortex & gyri
Two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum can interact.
Roger W. Sperry (1981)
Studies of split-brain patients
Each hemisphere with ability of internal processing (inc. self-awareness and social conscious)
Specific brain area responsible for different behavior
Phrenology
Lateralization of function
Carl Wernicke (1874)
Disconnection
Different regions of brain are independent, but they must interact.
Lesions in the area in temporal lobe led to impaired ability to understand speech.
Jean Baptiste Bouillaud (1825)
Speech is localized in the frontal lobes.
Marc Dax (1836)
Speech impairment is associated with left hemisphere lesions.
Ernest Auburtin (1861)
Stimulating frontal lobe affected the ability to speak
Paul Broca (1860)
The third gyrus of the left frontal lobe is responsible for production of speech.
Neuroplasticity
Pierre Flourens & Friedrich L. Goltz (1900s)
Removing the majority of cortex from the dogs led to functional recovery.
Hierarchical organization
John Hughlings-Jackson (1900s)
Cerebral organization following functional hierarchy
Multiple memory system
Patient H.M. (1950s)
Non-unitary visual systm
Discovery of
ventral stream
from brain lesion patients with visual form agnosia
Discovery of
dorsal stream
from brain lesion patients with optic ataxia
Mechanical discoveries (Neuron theory)
Neuron
BigBrain (2013)
Golgi & Cajal (1930s)
Autonomous, interconnected neurons as a basic unit for functional localization
Selectively excitable cortex
Topograpahic organization
Discovered by electrical stimulation of a cortex
Synaptic connection
C.S. Sherrington (1906)
First introduced the idea of synaptic connection based on a dog's delayed reaction to a stimulation.
Otto Loewi (1953)
Demonstration of chemical transmission across the synapse
Donald Hebb (1949)
Cell assemblies formed by a group of neuron inform behavior.
Brain Imaging
Computed Tomography (CT)
X-ray measure; shows the level of fluid in brain cells
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Detect photons from radioactivity; able to detect the damaged area by detecting different oxygen level
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Detects the electrical charges from the moving molecules (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide)
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
MRI; detects the directional movements of water