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Biomolecules (Carbohydrates (Include sugars and polymers of sugar…

- - - - Disaccharide→ double sugars, monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
        Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
        
        Polysaccharide→ many sugars joined together by dehydration reactions
        Macromolecules with a few hundred to thousand monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages. Some serve as storage material hydrolyzed as needed to provide sugar for cells. Plants store starch, a polymer of glucose monomers. Starch represents stored energy. Animals store polysaccharides as glycogen. Structural polysaccharides- Organisms can build strong materials from polysaccharides. Cellulose is used in plant walls, grouped into units called microfibrils. Chitin is used by arthropods to form exoskeletons
- - - - Phospholipids- Essential for cells because they are major constituents of cell membranes
        Two fatty acids attached to a glycerol When added to water assemble into bilayers, shielding hydrophobic parts from the water
        
        Steroids- Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings
        Example: cholesterol
- - - - Different shapes; Solid, globular; Long, fibrous. STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION Primary is Linear structure Secondary is Helix or pleated sheet Tertiary is Three-dimensional combination Fourth level, quaternary structure, arises with two or more polypeptide chains. Denaturation occurs when a protein is in too harsh of an environment. Becomes biologically inactive. X-ray crystallography is used to determine the 3D shape of a protein
- - - - Nitrogen Base- Prymadines have one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms A (adenine) and G (guanine). Purines are larger with a six membered ring fused to a five membered one. Adenine, guanine and cytosine are in DNA and RNA. Thymine is only in DNA and Uracil is only in RNA
        
        A five carbon sugar For DNA: deoxyribose For RNA: ribose
        
        1-3 phosphate groups
        
        DNA- Forms a double helix. ”Sugar phosphate backbone” run opposite “5’--> 3” known as antiparallel A pairs with G C pairs with T In RNA C pairs with U
- - - - Cis-trans isomers- Carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but atoms differ in their spatial arrangement due to the inflexibility of double bonds
        
        EnantiomersIsomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups
        Analogous to right and left handed gloves