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Biological Macromolecules (Proteins (Structure equals function in proteins…
Biological Macromolecules
Lipids
Fats are created through dehydration acid between a glycerol and three fatty acids, result is a triacylglycerol
Glycerol is an alcohol with three carbons, each with a hydroxyl group
Fatty acids are molecules with up to 18 carbon atoms, one end of the molecule is a carboxyl group and the rest being hydrocarbons
Triacylglycerols are held together by ester linkages
Lipids are made up of hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon and are hydrophobic
Lipids are made up mostly of hydrocarbons, which is what makes them hydrophobic
Phospholipids replace a fatty acid in a tryacylglycerol with a phosphate group, allowing for one end of the molecule to be hydrophilic while the other is hydrophobic, used in cell membranes
Fats are incredibly effective energy storage and this is what they are mainly used for in animals, as they need them to help fuel them as they move whereas plants stay in one place, so they do not need to store energy like this
Saturated fats are saturated with hydrogen and do no have double bonds like unsaturated fats do
Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature while unsaturated fats are liquids
Carbohydrates
The basic structure of a sugar includes many hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group
Carbon skeletons of sugars range from three to seven carbons long and sugars almost always end in -ose
Disaccharides and polysaccharides are built through dehydration reaction that forms a glycosidic linkage, the bond that holds the monosaccharides together
Glucose and other monosaccharides are used in cellular respiration to acquire energy
Monosaccharides are the monomer, two together make disaccharides, and any larger combination makes polysaccharides
Plants and animals use polysaccharides to store energy, plants use starch and animals use glycogen
Some polysaccharides are used to form structures within organisms, such as cellulose, which typically forms in a straight line rather than the helical forms of other polysaccharides
Most monosaccharides with five or six carbons form rings as these are the most stable structures.
Composed of the elements hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, these molecules are hydrophilic
Proteins
Many diseases such as Alzheimer's are associated with misfiling of proteins
Protein structure is dependent on many factors, such as environment and chemical conditions, if the protein is not suited to its environment, it will denature and lose its function
Amino acids have similar structures with an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a carbon side chain
The carbon side chain is what differentiates the amino acids and gives it is particular qualities, such as being polar or non-polar
Proteins have many different functions, such as acting as defense, transport, storage, hormones, receptors, motors, and structures
Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids, which are combined using peptide bonds to form polypeptides
Any slight break from structure can cause catastrophic effects on function, as shown in sickle cell
Most enzymes are proteins, and they serve as catalysts for organic reactions, kickstarting specific chemical reactions without being used in the reaction
Polypeptides always have a free amino group on one end and a free carboxyl group on the other, due to how amino acids form peptide bonds
Proteins are vital to organic life and account for about 50% of dry mass of most cells
Structure equals function in proteins, and particular folding is what allows proteins to perform their function, simply having the right amino acids doesn't cut it
Secondary structure sees polypeptides begin to fold, either into alpha helixes of beta pleated sheets
Tertiary structures sees the proteins 3D shape stabilizing due to side chain interaction and disulfide bridges
Primary structure is when amino acids are put in their correct order
Quaternary structure is the aggregate of many polypeptides into one large molecule
Nucleic Acids
Two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
DNA is made up of polynucleotides, which are made up of nucleotides
DNA is unique among molecules because it encodes instructions within itself for its own as well as RNA reproduction, it also controls protein synthesis
Nucleotides are made up of pyrimidines and purines, which are what encode parts of the DNA and RNA
DNA is the instruction manual for proteins in the cell, it tells them what to do but does not take part in any way
A sugar is added, the sugar in DNA is identical to the one in RNA except the DNA one lacks an oxygen
DNA uses a type of RNA called mRNA to direct proteins on how to create necessary parts of the cell
Nucleotide polymers are built usign a phosphodiester linkage which creates the sugar-phosphate backbone, the lead to DNA and RNA molecules existing in strands, DNA in the double helix and RNA as single strands