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Biomolecules (Lipids (Lipids are a group of large biological molecules…

- - - - All lipids have hydrophobic behavior
        
        Lipids include waxes and certain pigments, but the most biologically important lipids are: fats, phospholipids, and steroids
        
        Lipids consist of mostly non polar hydrocarbon regions
  - - - Glycerol is an alcohol with each of its 3 carbons bearing a hydroxyl group
        
        Fatty acids are made up of a long carbon skeleton with the carbon at one end big a part of a carboxyl group. The rest of the skeleton is a hydrocarbon chain
        
        Nonpolar C-H bonds make fatty acids hydrophobic
        
        Fats are made by joining 3 fatty acid chains to a glycerol by ester linkage (a bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group). This makes a triaglycerol.
        
        A fat with no double bonds is a saturated fatty acid
        
        A fat with double bonds is an unsaturated fatty acid
        
        Nearly every bond is a cis double bond and forms a kink in the carbon chain where it occurs
        
        Unsaturated fatty acids form unsaturated fats (plant and fish fats)
        
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        Transfats are hydrogenated unsaturated fats that form trans double bonds
        
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        Saturated fatty acids form saturated fats which are mostly animal fats
        
        Saturated fats have no "kinks" so they can be packed together tightly
        
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  - - - phospholipids are similar to fats, structurally, but only have two fatty acid tails attactched to a glycerol head as opposed to three
        
        the tails of phospholipids are hydrophobic but the heads are hydrophilic
        
        when phospholipids touch water, they self assemble into inlayers and shield their hydrophobic part from water
  - - - Steroids are differentiated by the different chemical groups attached to these ring ensembles
        
        An important example of a steroid is cholesterol
- - - - Proteins can speed up chemical reactions, play a role in defense, a role in storage, play a role in transport, play a role in cellular communication, play a role in movement or provdide structural support
        
        Most enemies are proteins. Enzymatic proteins regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts and enzymes are reusable.
        
        Every protein is made from the same set of 20 amino acids. The bond between these amino acids is called a peptide bond, thus the polymer of amino acids is a polypeptide
  - - - Side chains also known as R Groups are attached to the Aino acids and are what determine the characteristics of an amino acid
        
        Amino acids are grouped according to their side chains
  - - - Polypeptides are formed through dehydration reactions
        
        Polypeptides are composed of a polypeptide backbone plus R Group side chains
  - - - The structure of a protein is determined by its amino acid sequence
        
        folding is spontaneous but reinforced by bonds
        
        There are four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary
        
        Primary Structure: The sequence of amino acids
        
        Secondary structure: child and folds that contribute to the protein's overall shape (alpha helix and beta pleated sheet)
        
        Tertiary structure: overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from side chain interactions
        
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- - - - The simplest form of carbohydrates are monosaccharides (simple sugars)
        
        Disaccharides are made of 2 monosaccharides joined by a double covalent bond
        
        Polysaccharides are polymers composed of many sugars joined by dehydration reactions
  - - - Disaccharides are 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
        
        Glycosidic Linkage is a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
        
        Most prevalent disaccharide is sucrose (table sugar)
        
        Carbohydrates are usually transported throughout plants in the form of sucrose
        
        Made of glucose and fructose
    - - Monosaccharides are sugars made of multiples of CH2O
        
        One popular/ important example of a monosaccharide Is glucose
        
        Skeletons of these molecules are typically 3-7 carbons long
        
        Monosaccharides are major nutrients for the cell, especially glucose
        
        Monosaccharides are used in cellular respiration to get energy
    - - Polysaccharides are macromolecules. Macromolecules are polymers with hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
        
        Some polysaccharides serve as storage material, others serve as building materials. Example: Starch for storage and cellulose for building.
- - - - DNA directs RNA synthesis which controls proteins synthesis and this makes uo the process known as gene expression
        
        Polynucleic acids are made of monomers called nucleotides
        
        Nucleotides are made up of a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and one to three phosphate groups
        
        Nitrogenous bases are separated into two categories: Pyrimidines and Purines
        
        Pyrimidines are Uracil Thymine and Cytosine
        
        Purines are Adenine and Guanine
        
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