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Biomolecules (Nucleic Acids:
polymers made of monomers called nucleotides…
Biomolecules
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Proteins:
a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more peptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure
-Proteins are constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids, linked in unbranched polymers. (peptide bonds)
Amino Acid Polymers (Polypeptides) are formed when two amino acids are positioned so that the carboxyl group of one is adjacent to the amino group of the other, joined by a hydration reaction, and therefore, forming a peptide bond
Examples:
- Enzymes: specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions and are connected by a hydration reaction. It is a necessity for all living organisms and acts as a catalyst to regulate metabolism.
Carbohydrates:
Carbohydrates can form straight chains, branched chains, rings, double bonds, and triple bonds
Carbohydrates can be composed of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Monosaccharides: simple sugars (most basic unit of carbohydrates)
Disaccharides: a sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by a glycosidic linkage.
Polysaccharides: consist of multiple sugar molecules bonded together
Examples:
Glucose (mono): simple sugar that is an energy source to many living organisms
Cellulose (poly): an insoluble substance which serves as the building material for cell walls and vegetable fibers (cotton). It consists of chains of glucose monomers
Lipids:
an organic compound that is hydrophobic (due to molecular structure) but soluble in organic solvents. They are fatty acids.
- In making a fat, three fatty acid molecules are each joined to a glycerol by an ester linkage (a bond between a hydroxyl group and carboxyl group) resulting in triacylglycerol
There are 2 kinds of fats:
Unsaturated: has one or more double bonds, with one fewer hydrogen atom on each double-bonded carbon.
Saturated: has no double bonds between carbon atoms composing a chain, then as many hydrogen atoms as possible are bonded to the carbon skeleton.
Examples: natural oils, waxes, and steroids
readily bonds with itself, allowing an endless number of compounds to be created
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Functional Groups:
- Hydroxyl
-Carboxyl
-Carbonyl
-Amino
-Sulfhydryl
-Phosphate
-Methyl