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Lecture 5: Species interactions and community ecology (Effects of species…
Lecture 5: Species interactions and community ecology
Effects of species interactions on their participants
Mutualism
: Both members benefit
Commensalism
: One species benefits and one is unaffected
Predation
: Consumption of one animal species by another animal species
Defense mechanisms
Cryptic colouration
Warning colouration
Mimicry
Ammensalism
Competition
: Interaction among organisms vying for the same limited ecosystem resource
Intraspecific
E.g. Paramecia
Interspecific
Parasitism:
One species benefits, one is harmed
Niches
Fundamental Niche
see slide 4
Realised Niche
see slide 4
Resource Partitioning
Exclusion vs Partitioning
Competitive Exclusion
slide 5
Resource Partitioning
slide 5
E.g. Green anole and Brown Anole
Animal defense mechanisms
slide 6
Fleeing
Mechanical
chemical
living in groups
Camouflage
Plant defense mechanisms
slide 7
Mechanical
Chemical
Symbiosis: intimate relationship between members of two or more species
Ecological communities: Vary greatly in size and lack precise boundaries
Community interaction
E.g. Oak forest community relationships
Energy Flow: Differentiated by trophic level
Autotrophs: Producers, e.g. green plants
Food molecules
Heterotrophs: Consumers, e.g. cow, tiger, ant
Energy transfer
slide 12
Trophic positions
Food web pyramids
see notes on slides
Food web vs chain
Greater interconnectivity between trophic level
Ecological communities
Keystone Species: more important than expected by abundance alone
Invasive species Pose new threats to community stability
Invasive= non-native organisms that spread widely and become dominant in communities
e.g. Zebra Muscles
see slide 15
Techniques to control
Remove manually
toxic chemical
drying them out
Depriving of oxygen
stressing (heat, sound, electricity, carbon dioxide, UV light
SOme altered communities can be restored to their former condition
Ecological restoration= returning an area to unchanged conditions
Community development
Success types:
Primary
Success in a previously uninhabited area
Secondary
Success in an environment following destruction of all or part of earlier community
Ecological Regions
Biome
Tundra: treeless, far-north biome. Low Precipitation. Low temperature. Short Growing season
Boreal Forest: Coniferous forests in northern hemisphere. SLightly longer growing season than tundra. Moderate precipitation. 11% of Earth's surface
Temperature Rainforest: High precipitation. Moderate temperature. Cool, wet, dense fog. Coniferour forest
Temperature Deciduous Forest. Moderate Precipitation. Forests in temperate areas. Moderate temperature. Hot summers, cool winters
Temperature Grassland: Temperate, hot summers cold winters. Low precipitation. 90% lost to farming
Chaparral/ Mediterranean: Mediterranean climate. Moderate temperature and precipitation. Frequent fires
Deserts: Low precipitation. Variable temperature. Low precipitation
Savanna: Tropical grassland. Moderate temperature. Moderate Precipitation
Tropical Rainforest: Warm, moist climate. Very productive and diverse. Very high precipitation
T-latitude precipitation relationships Isee slide19