The Kingdoms Of Life

Bacteria 🎉 (Monera)

3 shapes:
Spherical (Cocci)
Rod (Bacillus)
Spiral (Spirillum)

Functions:

Nuclear material: single chromosome of DNA

Reproduction

Cell Wall: Gives it shape and structure

cytoplasm : Contains ribosomes and storage granules but no mitochondria or chloroplasts.

asexual by binary fission

mutations may occur frequently in bacteria due to their short life cycle and fast rate of reproduction

Endospores

resistant, thick walled spores formed within cell under adverse conditions

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Fungus

Hyphae

many cells together without cross walls

Mycellium

many hyphae together

3 types of hyphae

Rhyzoid

  1. anchors the rhizopus 2. releases enzymes onto bread 3. absorbs broken down nutrients

sexual reproduction

2 different strains, structurally identical but chemically different

  • strain and - strain

2 hyphae grow close

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Yeast

Stolon

aerial hyphae. They encourage spreading of rhizopus and increase surface area of the mould

Sporangiophore

'stem' holds up head of sporangiphore where spores are developing/maturing

unicellular fungi

Round/Oval cells

10 micro metres under an electron microscope

Cell wall made of chiten

cytoplasm is granular holds suspended materials

1 nucleus - genetic material

1 large vacuole usually for storage

yeasts respire anaerobically

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Asexual Reproduction

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Viruses

no organelles

only seen under electron microscope

from cellular

SHAPES

rod

spherical

bacteriophage

Viral Replication

assembly of viruses from parts & bacterial lysis (cells break open)

unnamed

1 - Virus lands on surface of host cell (transferred from air, water, and food, direct contact)

2 - Attachment: virus needs specific proteins to adhere to host. Specific receptors on glycoproteins receptors of the host, virus specifically matches its receptors to host surface and absorbs cell walls.

3 -

4 Uncoats: by some method, nucleic acid must be released from capsid the protein shell (translocation)

3

Penetration: virus enters the cell in three major methods

-Endocytosis

-Direct Fusion

-Nucleic acid translocation

steps 6 - 10

Biochemical replication-viral genome takes over host and causes it to make viral specific proteins and genome, protein synthesis

Sixth step

Assembly: virus puts together to form viral particle

Seventh step

Release-lysogeny-virus buds off, host lives lysis-virus bursts cells open, host dies

Endocytosis

vessicle forms around virus-->virus incased by host membrane vacuole-->lysosome digest membrane-->virus released (w/ w.out capsid)

Direct fusion

for virus with envelope from previous host: fusion of phospholipid membranes of virus on host cell-->deposit viral genome. membrane will not be broken

Nucleic acid translocation

(for non-enveloped from previous host) virus attach to host cell surface and release lysosome from previous host-->lysosome breaks down cell wall/membrane-->nucleic acid core released without host. capsid is not going in