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Lecture 2: Tragedy of the Commons (Solutions to ToC (Community Management,…
Lecture 2: Tragedy of the Commons
Real life examples
Alaskan King Crabs
declined significantly to just 7000 tons caught
govt intervened
restricted harvesting season to between few days to few months
quota given to crab fishers
Annual audit of population
limited what could be harvested
fishing increased in 1970s, peaked in 1980 at 86,000 tons caught
North Atlantic Cod in Canada
1992 govt intervened
fishing management programs
AGS Atlantic Groundfish Strategy
Marine Stewardship Council
NCARP
moratorium on fishing of atlantic cods
major economic shift for local communities who depended on fishing for their livelihoods
overfishing in 1990s
due to trawling fishing techniques
What Tragedy of the Commons is about
Explanation for Alaskan King Crab
but every crab caught depletes the regional crab population for his, and others' future fishing
However, knows that overall resource is large and the decrease he caused is very small
every crab can be sold off for a certain amount of money
also, whatever crab he forgoes will be harvested by other crab fishers
every crab fisher is self-interested and wants to maximise his financial gains
under pressures of high population levels & increasing affluence-->rapid depletion of crab population
driven to catch as many crabs as possible
Common Pool Resources
what one does not take, others will-->driven to consume as much as possible
high population levels & high utilisation-->deplete resource if rate exceeds rate of replenishment
resource is unrestricted and large, no incentive to limit one's consumption
every individual is self interested and will seek to maximise his gains
Philosophical solution
Appropriate Management is imperative today
Plato's Republic
ensure everyone is not seeking the same thing
Leaders need to manage social cooperation
Leaders need to govern individuals & assign roles to them based on their skills
Solutions to ToC
Community Management
Fishermen villages
equipment were shared and cooperatively built
fishers followed rules out of mutual respect & sense of obligation to the group as a group member
managed their number of boats
deviation from group's rules has social repercussions
Tragedy averted on English Agricultural Commons
regulations set up through informal community cooperation
understood their interdependence for survival
crop land was managed by a lord of a region
community agree on behaviours, sustained through social cooperation & sanctioning without a govt authority
Eventually broke down when new methods came
industrial revolution->more efficient farming methods
population increase
land reforms resulted in more land for a few, broke villages apart
Education
Outline specific actions ppl can take to solve it
Teach abt resources usage dilemmas & educate abt ways of use
describe nature & severity of problem
Govt
Privatisation of land ownership
examples
Taxes-->change cost/benefit of CPR usage
Laws
endangered species law
saved the American Alligators
Passed Endangered species act 1987
now thriving and stable population, harvesting still restricted
listed as endangered species
Harvesting was managed
Habitats were protected
received legal protection from hunting
encourage prosocial behaviour & discourage anti-social behavr through laws fines & rewards
Morality and ethics
adopt environmental codes into religious philosophy
introduce environmental ethics
establish self-imposed behavioural limitations through emotional & spiritual influences
Garrett Hardin's beliefs
No technical solution to environmental problems
Requires social management
Thought that Government most impt cos everyone is egocentric
Effectiveness of approaches
Conditions for Community Management
Morality and education
Hardin claims too weak to overcome human egoism
but more significant in long-term soln & future changes in values & worldviews
Govt vs Community
Nepalese irrigation system
Govt intervened & updated irrigation canals->did not deliver water to everwhere it was required
farmers not knowledgeable of system, not familiar, didn't work as well as traditional irrigation system
traditionally in Kathar, managed farming irrigation system through communal efforts & cooperation
Personal Water Crafts in Florida
Govt intervention
enforced responsible usage
imposed speed limits on certain areas
community too polarised and disconnected to resolve issue tgt
harms
waves disrupt harbours & boats
waves created increase water turbidity, destroys sea grass, drives away wildlife
Harms wildlife
noise pollution
Modern Problems for community management
diversity amongst stakeholders->diff come to consensus
resource pools are interlinked
larger scale of resource use