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The Concept of Ecotourism: Evolution and Trends (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT…
The Concept of Ecotourism: Evolution and
Trends
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Biodiversity/biological diversity = the variety of all life forms, the different plants, and microorganisms, the genes they contain and the ecosystems of which they form a part.
3 different levels of biodiversity conservation
Genetic diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Species diversity
The nature of antagonistic environmental impacts of ecotourism
The nature of antagonistic environmental impacts of ecotourism
Extraction of resources - deforestation, mangrove clearance, effect on species and ecosystems
Untreated wasted activity - poor water quality
Sustainable Management Component
Direct benefit - provides incentive for restoration and conversion of modified habitats.
Indirect benefit - space protected because of ecotourism provide various environmental benefits.
Indirect costs - fragile area may be exposed to less benign forms of tourism (pipneer function)
Direct costs - danger that environmental carrying capacities will be unintentionally exceeded, due to rapid growth rates
ECONOMIC IMPACT
Sustainable Management Component
Direct costs - ongoing expenses (maintenance of
infrastructure, promotion, wages)
Indirect costs - opportunity costs, damage to crops by wildlife
Direct benefits - revenues obtained directly from ecotourists
Indirect benefits - indirect revenues from ecotourists (high
multiplier effect)
To integrate conservation and development = Integrated Conservation and Development Projects
Aim
To finance conservation by intensifying and developing commercial activities that encourage the preservation of the natural habitats.
Conservation and Development Projects.
Increase contribution in form of donation
Improve economics welfare of destinations.
Provide valuable publicising conservation
5 main mechanisms to capture the revenue
taxation, sales/royalties, donations, concessions, user fees
In avoiding of a fear in economic of ecotourism, efforts should be placed to measure the capital stocks of the destinations
An appropriate accounting framework such as environ- mental balance sheets
Measurement techniques of the capital flows such as the travel cost methods and the maximum sustainable yield method (Fyall & Garrod, 1997).