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Soils and mineral nutrition (Nitrogen metabolism (Nitrogen assimilation…
Soils and mineral nutrition
Essential elements
Macroelements (Major)
Phosphorus, Potassium, Nitrogen
Sulphur, Calcium, Magnesium
Potassium deficiency cause leaf tip and margin to die
Microelements (Trace)
Copper, Zinc, Boron, Chlorine
Manganese, Molybdenum,Iron, Nickel
Manganese deficiency cause leaf tissues between veins to die
3 Criteria for essential elements
No substitute can be effective
Element must be acting within the plants
Must be necessary for complete, normal development through a full life cycle
Mineral deficiency disease
Symptoms of deficiency disease
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Stunted growth
Poor flowering or fruiting
Chlorosis, Yellowing or browning of leaves
Necrosis, death of patches of tissue
Mobile and immobile elements
Mobile elements
Can be translocated to younger tissue
After soil become exhausted, older leaves are sacrificed
Chlorine, Magnesium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, potassium and Sulphur
Immobile elements
They do not return to phloem so cannot move to younger parts of plants
Able to grow relatively well until few available ions
Boron, Calcium, Iron
Growth is normal until soil is exhausted
Cause of deficiency disease
Damaged or compacted roots
High alkalinity or acidity
Poor Drainage
Dryness and waterlogging
Soils and mineral Availability
Endodermis and selective absorption of substances
Selectively permeability of plasma membrane and molecular pumps control entry of unnecessary ions
Endodermis prevents uncontrolled diffusion in roots
Mycorrhizae and Absorption of phosphorus
Symbiotic association with soil, fungi is Mycorrhiza, symbiosis permits plants to absorb phosphorus efficiently
This process is essential in the soil with phosphorus deficiency
Abnormal discoloration due to phosphorus deficiency
Soil Acidity
Acidity increases, pH level decreases
Greater concentration of protons cause more cations, that increase acidity of soil
Cation exchange
Roots cannot absorb cations directly
Dissolving of cation in soil solution is done by cation exchange forming H2CO3
Nitrogen metabolism
Nitrogen assimilation
Actual incorporation of ammonium into organic molecules in plant
Process similar to Electron Transport Chain
Glutamate reacts with ATP and ammonium to give glutamine and ADP
Prokaryotes and Nitrogen
Nitrifying bacteria involved in Nitrification, oxidize nitrite to nitrate
In denitrification is reduced to gaseous nitrogen
Nitrification- Nitrosomonas, Nitrosococcus
Denitrification- Hyphomicrobium, Pseudomonas
Nitrogen reduction
Ammonium is converted to nitrate
Reducing Nitrogen in the nitrate ion.
Nitrogen from animals
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Nitrogen from dead and decayed organisms
Ant-plants provide shelter to ants and also use mineral from and after it dies
Nitrogen fixation
Conversion of N2 gas into Nitrate, Nitrite or Ammonium
Nitrogen fixing bacteria and Cyanobacteria fixes atmospheric nitrogen with the help of Nitrogenase
Natural process fix over 190 million tons annually
Natural source of minerals
Compost
Blood meal
Wood ash
Bone meal
Livestock Manure
Plants and people
Acid rain
Affect anatomy and physiology of plants
Causes depletion of soil and plants suffer mineral deficiency
Fertilizers
Fertilizers are the limiting factors, plant will lose their capacity to grow on their own.
Provide limited minerals to plants
Pollution
Rapid growth of algae in lakes and rivers due to waste from household and industries
Controlling the use of Phosphorus will help to keep water resources clean
0.1%-3.0%
Serpentine soil, extremely deficient in calcium
(Appearance of symptom on old or young leaves depends on mobility of elements)
