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Introduction (Importance of Learning and Cognition (Variability of the…

- - - - Phylogeny
        
        Mutations: Spontaneous, often unpredictable changes in genetic material
        
        Natural selection: entails differential reproduction: Some organisms will reproduce more offsprings than will others, thus sending more copies of their own genes into future generation
        
        Theory of evolution: Refers to attempts by scientists to explain the biological facts that all scientists take as evidence of the evolutionary process
        
        The evolutionary process has not always surrender itself readily to human understanding
        
        Epigenetic: how such factors as one's diet or exposure to various environmental toxins can alter how and when genes are expressed during the lifetime of the individual
        
        Sometimes very subtle changes in ecology can render entire populations of animals unfit for a particular habitat
        
        selective pressures of the environment have ample opportunity ro whittle away at genetic features and produce organisms well suited to local conditions
      - Ontogeny
        
        the branch of biology that deals with ontogenesis.
        
        the development of an individual organism or anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity
- - - - Memory
      - Problem solving
      - perception
      - concept formation
      - language