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Chapter : 19 & 27 (The Viruses!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! (The Structure of a…

- - - - The latin word of "Virus" means "Poison."
        
        Viruses are able to help produce many diseases with this said they are considered to be simplest living forms with the parallel with bacteria.
        
        With this said Virus cannot reproduce or do the metabolic function outside a cell.
        
        virus are not considered to be alive but in between alive and chemical life forms.
        
        think of a virus "living a borrowed life."
  - - - the largest know virus inst even that visible when looking under a microscope.
        
        A virus is an infectious particle that is made up of nucleic acid and enclosed in a protein coat and in some vrus they are enclosed in a membranous envolpoe.
        
        We separate a virus into two categorizes when looking at their genome. Some are classified as Virus DNA or Virus RNA
    - - A capsid is made up of a large number of protein sub units refereed to as "capsomers."
        
        the different kinds of proteins withing a capsid is small.
        
        Examples of the different types of the so called Virus.
        
        Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Has a helical capsid surrounding the Rna molecule and is shaped as a rod
        
        AdenVirus: this is shaped as a hexagon and is double stranded DNA the capsid is made up of capsomers
        
        Influenza Virus: have an outer envelope that have glycoprotien pikes these are blobs in shape dude.
        
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- - - - a prokaryotic is well organized within this cell and can function well by having this for its life.
        
        they come in many different shapes being rod, spherical, spiral
    - - Most of bacteria cell walls contain peptidoglycan which is a polymer that comprises of mod sugars and cross linked by short pepitides
        
        this encloses the entire bacterium and anchors other molecules that extend to its surface.
        
        types of bacteria cell walls are distinguished by using something called a Gram Stain
        
        If the cell wll comes out Gram Posotive it means it has fairly simple walls composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan
        
        Gram Negative means the walls have less peptidoglycan but more complex that has a outer membrane.
        
        from this testing Dr. and medical staff can asses a situation of a patient and see if they are positive or negative and treat them accordingly.
        
        Movement
        
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    - - the cell wall here is surrounded by a sticky layer of polysachrides or proteins. this called the capsule.
        
        the capsule is dense and well defined if it is not it is referred to as a slime layer.
        
        Endospores are created and are a thick coat to help the cell when faced with a harsh environment. :
        
        When a prokaryotic wants to stick to another it uses hair like things called fimbriae.
        
        a sex pili is how cells are pulled together and transfer things.
  - - - One of the specieces is the host and the other is the the parasite living on it or with it to thrive and eat and live. the smaller thing or parasite is the symboint
        
        Mutualisim is when both parties benefit and not just one
        
        commonesilism is when one species benefits but the other host is not harmed or killed from its buddy benefiting,.
        
        the other is parasitism here the prasite ets from the host harms it but does not kikll it.
      - The Biosphere:
        
        decomposes are those that break down dead organisms as well as waste products and thereby unlock or use the elemetns.
        
        under right conditions prokaryotes can help produce a thriving nutrients for a plants growth.
        
        with this said they can also go the op piste way and help deplete the nutrients base needed for the growth.
        
        the family tree of Prokayotes:
        
        they have a wide variety of structural and metabolic adaptations
        
        have been here for over 3.5 billions years on earth fam.
        
        prokaryotic are more closely related to Eukaryotas.
        
        broken down into 3 domains. Domain eukarya, domain archaea, domain bacteria.
        
        bacteria inculcated a wide range of prokaryotic species
        
        extrem ophiles are lovers of extreme environments. these include extreme thermophiles, and extreme halophilis
      - Ecological Interactions
  - - - mutualistic bacteria also help with digesting food and breaking it down that our own intestines cannot break down.
        
        Pathogenic bacteria is responsible for more than half of the human known diseases these people killers and thus they are negative.
        
        exotoxins secrete proteins from their body.
        
        Endo toxins only released when the cell wall collapses because the death of the cell.
  - - - prokaryotic metabolism varies with respect to the oxygen.
      - obligated anaerobes must use o2 for cellular respiration and while anaerobic may be posied with o2 and thus do not want it.
      - anaerobic respiration is when an exaction of chemical energy take place.
        
        facultative anerobes can do both use physically or chemically
  - - - new mutations can help form new variations of genetics fast in a species with shorter gen times and larger population.
        
        when it comes to adaption prokaryotes are high evolved from being on earth for over 3.5 billion years.
        
        transformation and transduction:in transformation prokaryotec cells are affected from their surroundings. and transduction phages cary the prokaryotic cells genes from one host to another,
        
        conjunction and plasmatide: in conjunction the dna is transferred between two prokaryotic cells and
- - - - Virus have been found to infect every living thing ranging from humas animals and small little things as well that we cannot see.
        
        virus are not desedets from other life forms ut instead they have evolved over time.possily multiple times over the years.
        
        most iologist hypothesis that irus originated form naked bits of ucleic acid.
- - - - When a virus wants to replicate itself or insert itself into the host it is limted with this and it is refereed to as the HOST RANGE
        
        When a virus is looking for the host cell it looks on the outside to attache it self in a system like a LOCK and KEY
        
        Some viruses have a very broad host range meaning they can cling to host more than others. take for example the west nile virus that can infect animals, bugs, and humans some have a small host range meaning the opposite!!
        
        When a virus gets loose
        
        When a virus spreads but doesn't cross a body of ocean to like Europe its a epidemic
        
        When the virus crosses a body ocean so from like europe to the USA! it is refered to as a pandemic.
        
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- - - - When we think of this think of the different ways a virus looks and how it attaches to the host cell.
        
        After the viral genome enters the host cell it will then here take controlof the protiens being made and comand them to make copies of the virus from the host cell.
        
        1: the virus enters the host cell releases the viral DNA and Capsides proteins.
        
        2: Host enzyms replicate the the viral genome.
        
        3:the hosts genome transcribes the viral genomes into Viral mRNA and then this makes more capsid proteins
        
        4: the viral genome and the capsid protiens assemble into to new virus particles which exit the cell to infect others man!
        
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- - - - Pro-virus:
        
        this never leaves the host genome and is intergrated with the viral DNA
        
        how the body defends iself from viruses
        
        the human
        
        Vaccines are given to humans before they get sick they have the package at a dose dose inside and when given to the human body the immune system can get a taste and be better prepared when dealing with it or immune to it.
        
        after you get a virus sickness there's little or close to nothing you can do to get rid of it from they body you have to let it run its course or take medicine.
        
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