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CELLS (I) (Organisation of living things (Systems: Circulatory, excretory,…
CELLS (I)
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Cell nutrition
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Entry and excretion
Medium molecules
Proteins in form of channels open up a channel tht allow substances to flow along the concentration gradient. This process is called facilicated difffusion
They are electrically charged molecules that pass throurgh the membrane with the help of protiens which perform two structures
Proteins in form of pumps "pump" the substances through the membrane against the concentration gradient. They need energy
Large molecules
To transport them, the membrane sinks and engulfs the particle in a vesicle incorporated into the cytoplasm. (Endocytosis)
Then the vessicles fuse with lysosomes which contain digestive substances that digest the contents of the vessicle and form other smaller ones
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Small molecules
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Occurs along the concentration gradient in a process called simple diffusion, process by which substances pass from the higher concentration area to the lower concentration area to compensate the number of substances in both sides
Metabolism
Catabolism: Complex molecules are decomposed into smaller molecules thhrough cellular respiration. ATP (Adenosine TRIphosphate) / Energy is released as heat due to this process
Anabolism: Simple molecules are turned into more complex molecules withe the supply of ATP as plants do with the photosynthesis
Types of nutrition
Heterotrophic: Organic matter enters the cell, cellular respiration takes place and then other organic matter is released
Autotrophic: CO2 + H2O + Minerals + Sunlight, photosyntesis takes place and organic matter is released
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Eukaryotic cells
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Parts
Lysosomes: decompose substances to obtain other useful substances that provide nutrition to the cell
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Endoplasmic reticulum: creates proteins via ribosomes and it stores them or transport thm to the Golgi apparatus
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Golgi apparatus: collects substances and uses vesicles to transport them to different parts of the cell, or outside it.
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Vessicles: Thye can have different functions: storation, transportation...
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Mitochondria: cellular respiration takes place there. It burns nutrients to obtain oxygen and in the meanwhile, releases CO2
Cell membrane: It can contain fosfolipids, proteins and carbohydrates
Centrioles: they direct the separation of chromosomes during cell division and they are involved in formation of structures