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MEASLES, MUMPS AND RUBELLA (MMR) VACCINE (Immunology (The Vaccination…

- - - - Pain in the swollen salivary glands on one or both sides of your face
        
        Pain while chewing or swallowing
        
        Fever
        
        Headache
        
        Muscle aches
        
        Weakness and fatigue
        
        Loss of appetite
    - - • Orchitis, causes one or both testicles to swell in males who've reached puberty.
      - • Encephalitis
      - • Meningitis
      - • Pancreatitis include pain in the upper abdomen, nausea and vomiting.
      - • Hearing loss
      - • Heart problems
      - • Miscarriage
    - - • Doctor will ask whether the patient or their child has been vaccinated against mumps and whether might have been exposed to the virus
      - • Recommend a blood test to check for evidence of the mumps virus
      - saliva test
      - imaging test
  - - - Mild fever of 102 F (38.9 C) or lower
        
        Headache
        
        Stuffy or runny nose
        
        Inflamed, red eyes
        
        Enlarged, tender lymph nodes at the base of the skull, the back of the neck and behind the ears
        
        A fine, pink rash that begins on the face and quickly spreads to the trunk and then the arms and legs, before disappearing in the same sequence
        
        Aching joints, especially in young women
    - - • person to person
        
        • direct contact with an infected person's respiratory secretions
        
        • transmitted from pregnant women to their unborn children via the bloodstream.
    - - • Otitis media rubella can cause an ear infection
      - • Encephalitis
      - • Congenital rubella syndrome
        
        Growth retardation
        
        Cataracts
        
        Deafness
        
        Congenital heart defects
        
        Defects in other organs
        
        Intellectual disabilities
    - - • Doctors usually confirm rubella with the help of laboratory tests.
      - • May have a virus culture or a blood test, which can detect the presence of different types of rubella antibodies in your blood- indicate whether you've had a recent or past infection or a rubella vaccine.
  - - - A skin rash made up of large, flat blotches that often flow into one another
        
        Tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background found inside the mouth on the inner lining of the cheek — also called Koplik's spots
        
        Inflamed eyes (conjunctivitis)
        
        Sore throat
        
        Runny nose
        
        Dry cough
        
        Fever
    - - • when someone with measles coughs, sneezes or talks, infected droplets spray into the air, where other people can inhale them.
      - • The infected droplets may also land on a surface, where they remain active and contagious for several hours. You can contract the virus by putting your fingers in your mouth or nose or rubbing your eyes after touching the infected surface.
    - - • Ear infection by bacteria
      - • inflammation of voice box (larynx) or inflammation of the inner walls that line the main air passageways of your lungs (bronchial tubes).
      - • Pneumonia
      - • Encephalitis
      - • Pregnancy problems which causes preterm labor, low birth weight and maternal death.
    - - • Contact a doctor immediately when suspected with the symptoms.
        
        • Examination of the patient body, such as white spots in the mouth, fever, cough, and sore throat.
        
        • If suspect based on the patient history and observation, the doctor will order a blood test to check for the measles virus.
  - - - • Some people experience a mild fever or rash or achy joints for a short time.
      - • Rarely, children who get the MMR vaccine might experience a seizure caused by fever only for short period.
      - • temporary joint pain or stiffness after receiving the vaccine. Fewer than 1 out of 1 million doses causes a serious allergic reaction.
      - • No scientifically proven link between the MMR vaccine and autism. In addition, there is no scientific benefit to separating the vaccines.
- - - - The vaccine contains dead or weakened forms of the viruses but still retain the characteristic of antigens that stimulate body to produce antibodies against the viruses
      - One of the B lymphocytes detects the antigens on the surface of the organisms in the vaccine.
      - The B lymphocyte starts to multiply and forms a clone of identical cells. These cloned B lymphocytes become either plasma cells or memory B cells.
      - Plasma cells secrete antibodies, which are trained to bind to and disable the viruses that are being immunised against.
    - - Once exposed to the real infective organism, it is instantly recognised by the memory B cells that have lain dormant in the body.
      - The memory B cells multiply rapidly and then develop into plasma cells.
      - The plasma cells produce a large number of antibodies, which are able to quickly bind to and inactivate the infecting organism.
  - - - does not increase the risk of autism
      - safe to give at the same time as other vaccines
      - may be given while breastfeeding
      - not recommended during pregnancy
      - fever, and pain or redness at the injection site.
      - mild and go away without any specific treatment.
  - - - • Are a nonpregnant woman of childbearing age
        
        • Attend college or another postsecondary school
        
        • Work in a hospital, medical facility, child care center or school
        
        • Plan to travel overseas or take a cruise
    - - You're moderately or severely ill. Wait until you recover.
      - You're pregnant. Wait until after you give birth.
    - - • Had two doses of the MMR vaccine after 12 months of age
        
        • Had one dose of MMR after 12 months of age and you're a preschool child or an adult who isn't at high risk of measles or mumps exposure
        
        • Have blood tests that demonstrate your immunity to measles, mumps and rubella
        
        • Were born before 1957 — most people in that age group were likely infected by the virus naturally and have immunity
        
        • People who have had a life-threatening allergic reaction to the antibiotic neomycin or any other component of the MMR vaccine
        
        • Pregnant women or women who plan to get pregnant within the next four weeks
        
        • People with severely compromised immune systems
    - - • Have cancer
        
        • Have a blood disorder
        
        • Have a disease that affects your immune system, such as HIV/AIDS
        
        • Are being treated with drugs, such as steroids, that affect your immune system
        
        • Have received another vaccine within the past four weeks
  - - - first dose of the vaccine between 12 and 15 months,
      - second dose typically given between ages 4 and 6 years
      - at least 4 weeks between the first and second doses
      - Children below 1 year old still have the antibodies from their mother.
      - Antibodies from mother provide protection
      - MMR vaccine less effective until about 1 year of age
    - - Adult with high risk for measles and mumps transmission need 2 doses
      - Adults who do not have proof of immunity should get at least one dose MMR vaccine.
      - Two doses had to be separated by at least 28 days
      - Example: post-high school students, healthcare personnel, international travelers, and public health authorities.
- - - - Measles viruses divided into eight clades containing 24 genotypes based on the nucleotide sequences of their heme-agglutinin (H) and nucleocapsid protein (N) genes
      - Caused by Measles virus; scientific name Measles morbillivirus
      - Single-stranded, negative sense, enveloped, non-segmented RNA virus
      - Genus Morbillivirus, Family Paramyxoviridae
      - Human are natural hosts of the virus; no animal reservoirs are known to exist.
      - The major genotypes differ between countries and status of measles circulation within that country or region.
      - Although they have 24 genotypes, but they have only one serotype.
      - Typically, 15,894 nucleotides long and encodes for 8 proteins.
      - Negative sense ssRNA used to produce a positive sense ssRNA, and the positive strand is used as template for replication of negative sense ssRNA. The ssRNA is then mass translated by host ribosomes, producing necessary viral proteins. The viruses are then assembled, and the cell will lyse, restarting the cycle.
      - 3 receptors - complement regulatory molecule CD46, the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) and the cell adhesion molecule Nectin-4.
      - Two enveloped glycoproteins on the viral surface – H and F protein. Responsible for host cell binding and penetration.
  - - - Genomic RNA, subgenomic RNA, RI representing partial dsRNA, and RF representing fully dsRNA are produced in RV-infected cells
      - Virus-modified endosomes/lysosomes termed replication complexes are sites of RV replication
      - The genomic and subgenomic RNA serves as the mRNA for the synthesis of NS and structural proteins, respectively
  - - - Caused by Mumps rubulavirus
      - Enveloped, single-stranded, linear negative-sense RNA virus
      - Genus Rubulavirus and family Paramyxovirus
      - Typically, 15,384 nucleotides long and encodes for 9 proteins - nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, matrix protein, fusion protein, small hydrophobic protein, HN protein and large protein.
        
        Nucleoprotein - encapsidates the nascent viral RNA as it is being synthesized, forming a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex
        
        HN glycoprotein - mediates attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor (sialic acid)
        
        F glycoprotein - mediates fusion of the virion membrane with the target cell membrane
        
        M protein - assembling the RNP at the plasma membrane in regions containing the HN and F glycoproteins
        
        SH protein - not required for virus replication but is believed to
        exhibits antiapoptotic activity
        
        V protein - a nonstructural protein that interferes both with induction of beta interferon (IFN-β) and with the interferon-mediated antiviral responses
      - Viral replication - nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and polymerase
      - Forms ribonucleocapsid – genomic RNA
      - Humans are natural host of the virus
      - Receptor - sialic acid