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Lecture 1 & 2: An introduction to geomorphology (Conclusions (Process…
Lecture 1 & 2: An introduction to geomorphology
Geomorphology: Understanding the form of Earth's land surface and the processes by which it is shaped, both in the present and the past
Important to understand earth surface processes to:
Manage and conserve our environment
Reduse the risk of climatological and geological catastrophe
reduce the effect of humans on our earth and the impact of surface processes on human activity
Landforms and landscapes
Processes
weathering
erosion
transportation
deposition
Time
Variable importance of ti me depending on material type
Geology
The structure of the earth
Crust
Mantle
Aesthenosphere
Tectonic, lithospheric plates
Breakup of pangea
Subduction
Earthquakes and subduction
the ring of fire
Plate collision
Mountain formation
e.g. tibetan mountains
Hot spot volcanoes
Volcanism in the ,middle of plates
rocks
Igneous
formed from solidified magma
Magma types
Basic (basaltic lavas)
Acidic (graniti lavas)
Landforms
Extrusive
Lava plains and Plateau
Volcanoes
Shield
Strato
CInder
Calderas
Pyroclastic flow
Lahars
Intrusive
Dykes
Volcanic necks and plugs
sills
batholiths
sedimentary
Claystone
Sandstone
Sedimentary Processes
Joints
Faults
Graben
Horst
Siltstone
Gravel
Metamorphic
Formed from sedimentary rock
Folds and faults forming:
Synvlines (basin)
Anticline (peak)
Sediments: loose particles derived from rock
Mechanical
Chemical
organic
Grain Characteristics: Provide important evidence about the formation and origin of the deposit, distance and transport
Conclusions
Process energy is derived from the sun, gravity or by earth's heat (climate)
Processes often operate in a spatial sequence of erosion, transport and deposition
The importance of time varies according to material strength and process intensity
Modern work emphasises systems which often have negative feedbacks and tend towards equilibrium
in addition to the type of rock, structure is of great importance in determining how erosion takes place
The earth is dynamic and exhibits both vertical and horizontal movements