Anthropology part 1
Research Methods
Gender and [Culture]
Schools of thought
Diversity makes us Smarter
Religion and Culture ⭐
linguistics, the study of human languages and how it affects and expresses culture
Expressions of Religion
Purposes of Religion
help understand ultimate questions
satisfies psychological needs
provides community and affirms place in society
hijab + self-expression
Interviews
Structured Interview
Unstructured Interview
Semi-structured interview
Informant
how religion effects culture
participant observation
taraka's ghost
ethnography
Important Terminology
mapping
pilgrimage
race and culture 😸
journey to shrine or spiritual place capable of accommodating diverse meanings or practices
identity
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Expression
satisfies psychological needs by providing closure
provides community and connection through common belief
the belief in ghosts helps understand afterlife
ex. christian and church, muslims and meca
Information Diversity
Cultural Relativism- Anthropologists cannot compare to other cultures two cultures because each culture has its own internal rules that must be expected.
ethnology
Everyone sees cultures through the lens of their own
Female Culture
Male culture
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Enhances financial performance
when people are brought together to solve problems in groups, they bring different information, opinions and perspectives.
subjectivity
ritual
a regular behaviour in which there's no real connection between action and outcome
objectivity
bias
reflexivity
there were certain types of white races with the saxons on top
Structural
historical
socio
Ethnocentric views
stereotypes
bowing
taboo
restriction on behaviour that ensures a good outcome
female representation in top management leads to an increase of $42 million in firm value
ex. no drinking alcohol, no eating pork
fetish
a specific object with magical powers
ethnocentric
ex. bones of saints
assumptions
your views of a culture vary, based on the culture you're raised in
for innovation-focused banks, increases in racial diversity were clearly related to enhanced financial performance.
Sexuality
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Work Improvements
self-empowerment
sorcery
People in general ask more questions
ex. short period of time, have set, but not strictly set questions
Listening more attentively
choose to be modest
Functional Theory
Consider the different opinions more
the use of magic to cause harm to others
Cultural Materialsm
Feminist
Postmodern
magic
choose not to be objectified
strategies that people use to control the super natural
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More preperation
ex. set list of questions, topic needed is clear, doesn't require a relationship to produce data
every belief, action, or relationship in a culture functions to meet the need of the individuals
Desert Arabs in Niger, the fat female form is celebrated. And in Western and Central Sahara, the fat female form is desired
oppression?
if forced upon a person, seen as oppressive by some people
The study of how sounds are put together to make meaning
witch craft
it is the belief that it is impossible to have any "true" knowledge about the world.
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projected evil to hurt others; often people using witch craft can be unaware of harm they caused
large period of time, with no set questions
the study of how people use language within their culture to express status and context.
infastructure
structure
superstructure
whiteness was classified by language and religion
a society's material resources- tech., pop., available land
many wear as social practice, not forced on religion
the concept of the white race didn't come around until the 18th century
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a society's familial, political, economic, & social systems
a society's idea's, values, symbols, and religion
they look at how genders, race, class, ethnicity and sexual orientation are constructed in various societies and the effect of those ideas on marginalised people.
the term "Caucasian" came from the Caucasus mountains when a German scientist found a "beautiful" skull and classified it as the skull of all white people
reflection of culture
race is cultural
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USA/Hypodescent
Brazil
Haiti
Canada
studies origins, cultures, w/ different races+people
comparing the similarities and differences of language so they can understand how languages are related and how people migrated in the past
people are defined by parents
least social power
female
anthropologists don't study religion to see if its real, instead they study it to see how it effects cultures and individuals
alternate
Physical characteristics
In Aboriginal culture, the LGBT+ community were once accepted and valued, until Europeans arriving in North America imposed Westerns views on the Aboriginal culture. This caused them to face violence and to be less valued, and in some cases, hated. In more recent changes, the term two-spirited was acquired by Aboriginal peoples to reclaim their alternate gender identity.
hair
By the 1970's, feminist anthropologists were re-examining anthropology to ensure that female voices were heard and included in research.
MR McGregor andrew
lips
skin colour
nose
allowed Sita to see her family
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the written account of culture
skin colour
language
"white/Black"
carefully observing a group,getting to know their culture and people
Franz Boas
examples
today, feminist anthropologists continue to look at how cultures determine gender roles, try to debunk gender myths and show how our ideas about gender are culturally constructed.
early 1900s
hypo descent
confuse race and ethnicity
rejected cultural evolutionism
funeral
allows people to come together to support each other as a community
Noam Chomsky is known as the father of modern linguistics
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how diversity provokes thought
noting physical location
said we cannot compare two cultures
translator
Western Culture depicts that a higher class woman is a someone who is thinner, taller and more fit. Opposite of Niger.
examples
funeral
helps understand what death means
he developed the theory of universal grammar- that all human children are born with internal rules for grammar.
Western culture has only recently begun to accept and value the LGBT+ community, but a lot of society is still lagging behind.
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decades of research by organizational scientists, psychologists, sociologists, economists and demographers show that socially diverse groups are more innovative than homogeneous groups.
in 2004 Anrhony Lising Antonio, a professor at the stanford graduate school of education, collaborated with five colleagues from university of California, Los Angeles, and other institutions to examine the influence of racial and opinion composition in small group discussions .
a group of all white members and a group of mixed race undergraduate students solved a murder mystery for a study, the groups with gender diversity outperformed the groups with no racial diversity
important for languages that have no written languages
examples
created by culture not biology.
funeral
stresses the importance of independence among all things with in a social system to ensure its long term survival
mourning
in ancient times there was no classification for race
provides closure
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both these cultures take the woman with fat form or a thinner form because to them it shows power; a higher class.
provides community to discuss loss and questions
Other cultures like South Asian, African, and Polynesian have historically accepted the LGBT+ community.
rejects the idea of the objective truth.
Edward Sapir studied the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada and recorded their languages, often with the last living speaker.
The Power of Anticipation
When members of a group notice that they are socially different from one another, they change their expectations. They anticipate differences of opinion and perspective. They assume that they will need to work harder to come to a consensus.
meeting needs of individuals makes the culture work as a whole
since the 1980's postmodern anthropologists have more and more been doing research on their cultural settings.
Bronis Malinowski
These theroy can be proved by the slaves people who all spoke differnt languages so they develpoed pidgeon language.
felt that society could objectively mesured and compared
rejected cultural evoloutionism
Thieir kids then grew up and were able to create syntax
Mock jury
through analysis and historical reconstruction, he was able to set the foundation to trace the languages of five major culture areas of Canada
The diverse juries were better at considering case facts, made fewer errors recalling relevant and displayed a greater openness to discussing the role of race in the case.
Trobriand Islands WW1
ceremonial exchange of of inexpensive jewellery travelled the centre circle of the islands, linking distant individuals
White jurors changed their behaviour in the presence of the black jurors, making them more diligent and open-minded.
not an economic trade, but reinforced status
male
maintained peaceful relationships