Biochemistry: An infant is diagnosed with circulatory problems and anemia. The infants blood cells look like red bananas. Their is a family history of sickle cell disease, but why would a single mistake in DNA result in banana shaped blood cells.
upstream affects
background
downstream affects
parts of the cell
mitochondria- produces energy
cytoplasm- jelly like substance from the nucleus to the plasma membrane
plasma membrane- protect cell
nucleus- cell center, houses dna
nucleolus- inside cell, makes ribosomes
ribosomes- make proteins
rough er- makes proteins
smooth er- makes lipids, breaks down toxins
lysosomes- digest cell partices
peroxisomes- break down toxins
vesicles- transport within cell
golgi body- decide where the proteins go
chromatin- spread out DNA within nucleus
centrioles- help cell division, create spindles
4 macromolecules
carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
lipids: triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eicoosanoids
proteins: fibrous and globular
nucleic acids: DNA and RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
ALL PROTEINS ARE MADE OF 20 DIFFERENT TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS
Bonds
ionic bonds: transfer electrons between atoms
atom gained: ANION (negative charge)
atom lost: CATION(positive charge)
covalent bonds: share electrons between atoms
share 2 electrons in a single bond
share 4 in a double bond
share 6 in a triple bond
hydrogen bonds: form and break water molecules
individually weak, collectively strong
levels of proteins
primary: sequence amino acids
secondary: structural patter of hydrogen bonds
tertiary: three dimensional shape of polypeptide chain
quaternary: how 2 or more polypeptides interact with each other
why does the infant have this disease
direct cause: that it is a disease that is inherited
indirect cause: the error affects hemoglobin, the type of protein that carries oxygen into red blood cells.
problems faced by one who has sickle cell disease
stroke: sickle- shaped cells may block small blood vessels from entering the brain; causing seizures, loss of consciousnesses, etc
acute chest syndrome: sickle-shaped cells may block blood vessels from entering the lungs
why is it important to have two copies of each gene?
you have a pair of each chromosomes
determines characteristics
you have 2 copies of every gene
hair color, eye color, height, etc
delayed growth: red blood cells provide your body with oxygen and nutriets for growth, a shortage may slow down development