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Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine image (PATHOGENICITY (Characteristics (It…
Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine 
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Genetic
HPV Characteristics
Common
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Causes
80% of hepatocellular carcinomas
Character
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Replicate at hepatocyte
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- Isolation of HBV antigen producing gene from HepatItis B virus.
- A plasmid DNA is extracted from bacterium
- The plasmid DNA was cut using ‘restricted enzyme’ to form plasmid vector.
- HB antigen producing gene isolated by inserting into plasmid vector to form recombinant DNA.
5.The recombinant DNA is introduced into yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and produce recombinant yeast.
- Recombinant yeast are reintroduced into fermentation tank
- HB antigen protein (lipoprotein) will released from yeast cells by cell disruption
- It is then purified by a series of chemical and physical method
- Must obtain reactivity of the yeast derived HBsAg is identical to that of human plasma HBsAg.
- purified yeast HBsAg particles will be formulated with alum adjuvant & subsequently were shown to counter immunity in chimpanzees
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IMMUNOLOGY
INNATE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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IFNa and LTbR activation can promote nuclear HBV cccDNA degradation and HBeAg decline via APOBEC3A/B
macrophages
modulating HBV clearance, chronic hepatitis and the developed tissue damage, with M1-like macrophages promoting HBV clearance and M2-like macrophages impairing Th1 immune response and promoting tissue fibrosis/remodeling/wound healing
ADAPTIVE IMMUNE RESPONSE
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T-CELLS
CD8+ T cells
secretion of cytokines (IFN-γ and TNF), the release of cytotoxic mediators (perforin/granzyme), and receptor-mediated induction of apoptosis (e.g., through TRAIL)
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CELLULAR RECEPTOR
sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NCTP)
Treatment (Inconsistent)
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BLOOD TEST
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About the vaccines
VACCINE TYPE
Recombinant Vaccine
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Addition of aluminium phosphate or aluminium hydroxide with thiomersal found in multi-dose vials for preserve properties.
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COMMON EFFECT(by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) reports)
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HISTORY OF VACCINE
Dr. Baruch Blumberg firstly discovered Hepatitis B virus in 1965
Microbiologist Irving Millman developed blood test
First hepatitis B vaccine, which was initially a heat-treated form of the virus after 4 years of virus discovery by Drs. Blumberg and Millman
How The Vaccine Work
Principle of Vaccination
Inactive Hepatitis B surface antigen,
are easily recognized by the immune system and induced immune response. Memory cell produced can efficiently eliminate the virus from the body on secondary attack before it can attack our immune system
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PATHOGENICITY
Transmission
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Exposure to infected body fluid (saliva, menstrual fluid, vaginal fluid, semen and blood)
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Diagnosis
• Blood test (HBsAg, IgM, HBcAg, HBeAg-highly infectious)
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Introduction
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV)
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Hepatitis B infection becomes chronic, meaning it lasts more than six months
It can cause chronic infection and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis and liver cancer
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease
Acute hepatitis B is a short-term illness that occurs within the first 6 months after someone is exposed to the hepatitis B virus.
An acute infection can range in severity from a mild illness with few or no symptoms to a serious condition requiring hospitalization
Some people, especially adults, are able to clear the virus without treatment
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Treatment
Acute hepatitis B
• No specific treatment to acute hepatitis B (reduces the discomfort and replacement of loss nutrients) Eg: Acetaminophen and Paracetamol – vomit
Chronic hepatitis B
Antiviral medications
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Tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or adefovir (Viread) – Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors
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Interferon injections (Interferon alfa-2b – Intron A) but do have side effects such as nausea, vomiting, breathing difficulty and depression
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History
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This disproved the belief that hepatitis B originated in the New World and spread to Europe around 16th century
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The virus was not discovered until 1966 when Baruch Blumberg, then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
Discovered the Australia antigen which is later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg in the blood of Aboriginal Australian people
Statistics
WHO estimates that in 2015, 257 million people were living with chronic hepatitis B infection which is defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positive
In 2015, hepatitis B resulted in an estimated 887 000 deaths, mostly from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma such as primary liver cancer
As of 2016, 27 million people is about 10.5% of all people estimated to be living with hepatitis B were aware of their infection, while 4.5 million which is 16.7% of the people diagnosed were on treatment
In 2004, an estimated 350 million individuals were infected worldwide
National and regional prevalences range from over 10% in Asia to under 0.5% in the United States and Northern Europe
The prevalence of chronic HBV infection in areas of high endemicity is at least 8% with 10–15% prevalence in Africa/Far East
According to World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 600,000 people die every year related to the infection
In the United States about 19,000 new cases occurred in 2011 down nearly 90% from 1990
As of 2010, China has 120 million infected people, followed by India and Indonesia with 40 million and 12 million
Epidemic
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For people who are chronically infected but don’t have any symptoms, their liver is still being silently damaged which can develop into serious liver disease such as cirrhosis or liver cancer.
Hepatitis B is a “silent epidemic” because most people do not have symptoms when they are newly infected or chronically infected
Characteristics
Hepatitis B virus belongs to the family of hepadnaviruses, which include duck hepatitis virus, woodchuck hepatitis virus, and ground squirrel hepatitis virus
The complete virion or Dane particle is 42 nm in diameter
capable of infecting liver cells known as hepatocytes, are referred to as "Dane particles"
It consists of
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●A core particle made up of the nucleocapsid protein, the viral genome, and the polymerase protein
The nucleocapsid encloses the viral DNA and a DNA polymerase that has reverse transcriptase activity
The outer envelope contains embedded proteins that are involved in viral binding of, and entry into, susceptible cells
Hepatitis B is one of a few known pararetroviruses: non-retroviruses that still use reverse transcription in their replication process
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The partially double-stranded viral DNA is then made fully double stranded by a viral polymerase and transformed into covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA)
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The largest mRNA, (which is longer than the viral genome), is used to make the new copies of the genome and to make the capsid core protein and the viral DNA polymerase
These four viral transcripts undergo additional processing and go on to form progeny virions that are released from the cell or returned to the nucleus and re-cycled to produce even more copies.
The long mRNA is then transported back to the cytoplasm where the virion P protein (the DNA polymerase) synthesizes DNA via its reverse transcriptase activity
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