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Psychological Disorders (How are Psychological disorders classified in the…

- - - - Definition: the view that mental disorders are diseases that, like ordinary physical diseases, have objective physical causes and require specific treatment
- - - - It lays out specific criteria for diagnosing each of the more than 300 mental disorders.
        
        It gives practitioners a common language for the description of psychopathology.
      - mental disorders can change over the life span
        
        symptoms and course of mental disorders exhibit gender differences.
        
        mental problems do not fall into discrete categories, but rather lie on a spectrum from “normal” to dysfunctional
        
        certain symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression) may be found in several mental disorders.
        
        most patients present symptoms of multiple disorders.
  - - - Evolutionary Past: Focus intently on problems that affects survival
      - Runs in familires
      - Inflammation in brain scans such as viral infection
      - Neurotransmitter abnormalities
      - Low brain wave activity in the left frontal lobe
      - Mayberg's Model of Depression
    - - Rumination
        
        an incessant mental replay of negative thoughts
        
        the downward spiral of depression may initially attract attention and sympathy, it eventually turns people away, leaving the depressed individual isolated and even more distressed.
      - Learned Helplessness
        
        more likely to perpetuate the depression cycle by attributing negative events to their own personal flaws or external conditions that they feel helpless to change
      - Gender Differences
        
        women have higher depression rates than do men
      - Age Differences
  - - - involve an irrational, debilitating fear of a particular object, activity, or situation—a response all out of proportion to the circumstances
      - Preparedness Hypothesis: The notion that we have an innate tendency, acquired through natural selection, to respond quickly and automatically to stimuli that posed a survival threat to our ancestors.
    - - Definition: A disturbance marked by panic attacks that have no obvious connection with events in the person’s present experience. Unlike generalised anxiety disorder, the victim is usually free of anxiety between panic attacks.
  - - - Dissociative Amnesia
        
        Definition: A psychologically induced loss of memory for personal information, such as one’s identity or residence
        
        a stroke, alcoholic blackouts, or a blood sugar crisis or highly stressful experience
      - depersonalization/derealization disorder