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C2: THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THINKING (2) Classical Perspective (c)…
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:<3:Emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
:star:Rise of the factory system
:star:Issues regarding structure, training, scheduling operations, and employee satisfaction
:<3:Large, complex organizations required new approaches to coordination and control
:<3:Improve efficiency and labor productivity through scientific methods
:<3:Subfield of classical perspective
:<3:Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that workers “could be retooled like machines”
:<3:Management decisions would be based on precise procedures based on study
:<3:Henry Gantt developed the Gantt chart, a bar graph that measures planned and completed work
:<3:The Gilbreths pioneered time and motion studies to promote efficiency
:<3:Organization depends on rules and records
:<3:Subfield of classical perspective
:<3:Max Weber, a German theorist, introduced the concepts
:<3:Manage organizations on impersonal, rational basis
:<3:Managers use power instead of personality to delegate
:<3:Although important productivity gains come from this approach, bureaucracy has taken on a negative tone
:<3:Focused on the entire organization
:<3:Subfield of classical perspective
:<3:Henri Fayol was a major contributor
:<3:Understand human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace
:<3:Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard
:<3:Contrast to scientific management – importance of people rather than engineering techniques
:<3:Effective control comes from within the employee
:<3:Hawthorne studies were key contributor
:<3:Human relations played key variable in increasing performance
:<3:Employees perform better when managers treat them positively
:<3:Shaped management practice and research
:<3:Satisfied workers produce more work
:<3:Allow workers to use their full potential
:star:Shifted emphasis to workers’ daily tasks
:star:Combine job design and motivation
:<3:Maslow created a hierarchy of needs
:<3:McGregor formulated Theory X and Theory Y about workers’ motivation
:<3:Scientific methods + sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and others to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting
Organization development (OD): set of management techniques that uses behavioral sciences to improve organization’s health and effectiveness
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:<3:Every situation is unique
:star:Opposite of universalist view
:<3:Managers must determine what method will work in every new situation
:<3:Managers must identify key contingencies for the current situation
:<3:Organizational structure should depend upon industry and other variables
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Applies mathematics, statistics, and other quantitative techniques to management decision making and problem solving
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