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Study notes folder (Radiology (Approach (XRay:
A - adequacy
A - airway
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Study notes folder
Radiology
Xray
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Kerley B lines -> thickened, subpleural, interlobular septa
Often seen in the periphery of the lung
suggestive of pulmonary oedema
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CT
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CT Brain: initially do a non-contrast to look for ischaemic changes -> which will be lower/reduced density (i.e. hypodense)
Haemorrahgic changes will be hyperdense
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Can be caused by:
- infection
- chronic interstitial disease
- acute alveolar disease
Fat stranding -> indicates inflammation
Tissue looks grey, engorged, oedematous
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Approach
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Adequacy: the penetration is adequate; underpenetrated -> too white
Rotation: take a look at the clavicles and spinous process
Exposure of the field of interest
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Cardiac: looking at the cardiac borders:
R heart border - Right atrium
L heart border - Left ventricle
Aortic knuckle
Pulmonary trunk
Descending aorta
L lingula is part of the L upper lobe; abuts the L heart border
Diaphragm: are they flat? might be COPD
is the right higher than the left? this is normal
is there air under the right? might suggest pneumoperitoneum
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Cardiac
Shock
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Haemodynamic instability: perfusion failure
with clinical features of circulatory shock
1 or more out of range vital sign measurements
e.g. low blood pressure
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Receptors
Alpha :
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Stimulation results in:
- vasoconstriction
- dilation of iris
- contraction of intestinal and bladder spincters
Beta
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Beta 2
Stimulation:
- skeletal muscle vasodilation
- bronchodilation
- uterine relaxation
- calorigenesis
- glycogenolysis
Beta 3
Stimulation:
- lipolysis in adipose tissue
- thermogenesis (convert lipids into heat)
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