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Anatomy & Physiology LO1 (Learning Step Three: Body Cavities &…
Anatomy & Physiology LO1
Learning Step One: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy
study of
body structure
Physiology
study of the
function
of the body structures
*
Anatomy determines physiology
*
Learning Step Three: Body Cavities &Organs
Cranial Cavity
formed by the skull
Organs
brain
Vertebral Cavity
formed by vertebral column
Organs
spinal cord
Thoracic Cavity
separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
separated into two compartments (each contains a lung)
organs
lungs (not in mediastinum)
heart
great vessels of the heart
trachea
esophagus
thymus gland
Abdonmiopelvic Cavity
subdivided into abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Abdominal Cavity Organs
liver
gallbladder
stomach
pancreas
spleen
kidneys
adrenal gland
ureters
small intestine
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
large intestine
cecum
appendix
sigmoid colon
ascending colon
descending colon
transverse colon
Pelvic Cavity Organs
urinary bladder
urethra
rectum
Male:
prostate gland
Female:
uterus
ovaries
uterine tubes
Learning Step Four: Serous Membrane
Membranes
thin sheet-like structures
Organ Membranes
cover organ/body surfaces and line body cavities
Types of membranes
Serous Membranes
line the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities that are not open to the exterior
covers most of the organs
secretes watery serous fluid (which reduces friction)
Double layers of the membrane
Layer 1:
Parietal Layer
lines walls of cavities
Layer 2:
Visceral Layer
covers surface of the organs
3 Types of Serous Membranes
Pleura (covering the lungs)
located in thoracic cavity
Parietal: lines thoracic wall
Visceral: covers surface of lungs
Pericardium (heart)
located in mediastinum
Pariteal: lines a tough fibrous sac which contains the heart
Visceral: covers the surface of the heart (epicardium)
Peritoneum (abdomen)
Located in abdominal cavity
Pariteal: lines abdomen wall
Visceral: covers the surface of abdominal organs
Retroperitoneal Organs
organs not covered by peritoneum (UPAK)
-ureters
-pancreas
-adrenal glands
-kidneys
Learning Step Five: Homeostasis
Homeostais
maitenance of a steady internal environment in the body
3 Components of Homeostasis
Receptor
monitor info in the env, send info to control center
Control Centers
recive info from receptors, process info based on homeostatic range, signal effectors
Effectors
receive signals from a control centre, produce a response that brings deviated levels back to their optimal range
Positive and Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
process the body uses to increase the direction of movement away from homeostasis
Ex. child birth, breast milk
do something to benefit the body that may be abnormal
Negative Feedback
process the body uses to reverse the direction of movement back toward homeostasis
Ex. body temp when sweating, glucose level
getting body back to normal
Learning Step Two: Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Planes
Midsagittal
separates exactly down midline
Sagittal
separates right from left
Coronal (Frontal)
separates front from back
Transverse (Horizontal)
separates top from bottom
Directional Terms:
Covering
located outside surface
Lining
located inside surface
Visceral
organs within cavity
Parietal
walls of the cavity
Deep
farther from the surface
Superficial
closer to the surface
Distal
farther from body connection
Proximal
closer to body connection
Lateral
away from midline
Medial
toward midline
Posterior (Dorsal)
back
Anterior (Ventral)
front
Inferior
farther from head
Superior
close to the head
Anatomical Position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at side, palms forward, feet forward