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OPISTHOKONTS (FUNGI (BASIDIOMYCOTA (CLUB FUNGI) (all decomposers of dead…

- - - - any fleshy fungi is a mushroom, 4 parts - cap, gills, stalk, and underground mycelium, mycelium spread outward in expanding perfect circle, called fairy rings due to old legend, button muchrooms very common,
      - Toxic club fungi mushrooms, LBM's, are poisonous, used by native Americans, hallucinogenic, destroying angel, kill very quickly, black stem rust, serious wheat crop
  - - - important role in genetics (red bread mold)(one gene, one enzyme), plant diseases (chestnut blight), used to be dominant in Smokey's, nuts important starch food, morels (morchella esculenta), fungi spoil food, Aspergillus (aflatoxins, common in peanuts, extremely deadly), athlete's foot, ringworm, Penicillin Notatum (Penicillin, magic bullet, uses penicillin as self defense to fungi, found by Alexander Fleming, found accidentally, commercialized by Florey and Chain)
        
        Yeasts- almost all are ascomycetes, single-celled, budding, will form ethanol and CO2 with carbs and O2, Candida Albicans (Yeast Infections)(Thrush and PCP), used in med research to find new type of pain killer
  - - - Rhizopus stolonifera(Black Bread Mold), common food spoilage,mycelium made of many types of colorless hyphae w/ haploid nuclei, grow through substance, mycelium produce stolons (asexual reproduction), hyphae produce rhizoids to hold down, cluster of rhizoids from sporangiophores, sporangium and tip of sporangiophores (separated by septum), spores have dark pigment to protect from UV rays, when mature sporangia split open, spores blown by wind, restart process,
        
        if environment deteriorates, will engage in sexual reproduction, mycelia of 2 mating types grow to on another, touch and from septa (gametangia), walls between them dissolve, haploid nuclei fuse from diploid, zygosporangium(formation w/ haploid nuclei), opens in a favorable environment, sporangiophore emerges, nuclei meiosis makes haploid spores, sporangium opens and releases spores, process repeats
- - - - DEUTEROSTOMIA
      - PROTOSTOMIA - Blastopore becomes mouth and extends to anus, central nervous system id ventral, external skeleton, invertebrates
        
        ECDYSOZOANS - body covered by cuticle, do not have cilia in cells, grow by molting, shed old cuticle and grow new one,
        
        TARDIGRADES
        
        "water bears", 1/2 mm long, cylindrical body
        
        ARTHROPODS
        
        NEMATODES
        
        LOPHOTROCHOZOA
        
        PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS) - not many good fossils, DO NOT HAVE A CORONA, soft ribbon shaped body, have tissues and organs, breath through skin, hermaphroditic, partners fertilize each other, rudimentary nervous systems, eyespots (reaction nerves), incomplete digestive tract (mouth only opening), contractions in upper gut to suck food inside, GVS highly branched, extends through whole body, excretory system based on flame cells (named for flickering cells, maintain water balance)
        
        TURBELLARIAS - free-living, cilia, in oceans, freshwater, mm long, some found in warm moist terrestrial habitats, carnivores and scavengers, suction with pharynx (extendable tube on ventral surface like a vacuum)
        
        PLANARIAN - able to regenerate if split or cut, often used in labs, test organisms or behavioral studies, can learn, white/black maze, can go against instinct to camouflage and learn to solve maze, negative reinforcement, can be feed ro another to pass on knowledge, learning is a chemical balance
        
        PARASITIC FLATWORMS - Usually internal parasites but some are external in mucus membranes, produce long term debilitating but non-fatal infestations, we do not develop immunity, live in intestines or internal organs, flush out eggs through human feces,
        
        CESTODA (TAPEWORMS) - most highly specialized animal parasites, live within vertebrate digestive track, feed on digested food passing through intestines, no cilia, no sensory organs, no mouth, no digestive system, absorb food through skin, 3 regions: scolex (suckers and hooks to attach to host), neck (continuously forms proglottids from base), proglottids (repeating segments, hermaphroditic unit), egg proglottids continually shredded and grown back, terminal proglottids w/ embryos evacuated through feces
        
        BEEF TAPWORMS - (human tapeworms named after intermediate host), beef tapeworms most common in U.S., once proglottids leave human, they rupture and scatter tapeworm embryos, cattle ingest embryos, larvae burrow through walls of intestines, carries by blood stream to organs or muscles, form cysts, CALLED BLADDERWORM, human eats, cysts hatched, repeat, small chance of getting infected but still possible,
        
        TAPEWORM INFESTATION - tapeworms rob nutrients and vitamins, if large infestation their secretions may cause diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, loss of appetite, or even death, historically sold as diet aids, very dangerous to do this but effective,
        
        TREMATODA (FLUKES) - most species are internal parasites of animals, may attach inside nostril, mouth, or near anus, feed on blood through mouth, no sensory organs,
        
        HUMAN LIVER FLUKES - common in Asia, 1-2 cm, eggs passed in feces, snail decomposed waste, non-swimming liver fluke larvae produced in snail, grow inro free swimming larvae, escape from snail, encounter fish, burrow into muscles, form cysts, human east fish, cysts dissolve in stomach, migrate to liver and mature, may live 15 - 30 years, may lead to cirrhosis and death
        
        FLUKES AND ZOMBIE SNAILS - songbirds in Europe have Flukes in gut, fluke eggs pass in droppings, snails eat droppings, eggs hatch in snail, larvae bore though gut into liver, multiply and transform, every morning larvae migrate to eyestalks, makes eyestalks green and think, make them pulsate, control snails behavior (diurnal), attract birds with eye stalks, bird eats eyestalks, develop into adults in bird, repeat
        
        MOLLUSCA - soft-body, no protective covering, remain moist by living in moist habitats, unsegmented, ancestors were worm like w/ calcium carbonate shell, wide range of habitats, oceans, freshwater, deserts, rainforests, mountains, coelom entirely in mesoderm, allows tissues to interact directly which allows development of highly specialized structures such as stomach, hydrostatic skeleton, have a circulatory system, most live within a shell w 3 layers, outer layer (protein-rich, helps from being dissolved), middle (calcium carbonate for strength), inner (satiny, smooth layer to protect body), have head-foot (anterior head, obtains food, sensory organs and radula {tounge like extendable organ used for feeding, like a drill}
        
        BODY PLAN - HEAD FOOT (anterior head, obtains food, sensory organs W/ RADULA {tounge like extendable organ used for feeding, like a drill}, may be modified for locomotion, may be modified for attachment or capturing food), VISCERAL MASS (digestive reproductive, circulatory, and excretory systems, excretory systems based on nephridia {collect and dispel nitrogen-rich wastes}), and MANTLE (layer of outer tissue that drapes mass, secretes the shell, gap between mantle and visceral mass called a mantle cavity, LARVAE - disperse from place to place during larvae stage, larval stage called a TROCHOPHORE, 2nd phase of larvae called a VELIGER
        
        GASTROPODA - largest number of named species in mollusks, mostly in oceans, few freshwater, some terrestrial, body in worm-like, cephalization, mantle only covers visceral mass, one or two pairs of tentacles w/ eyes called eyestalks, ventral surface is elongated muscular foot, move by rippling muscles on foot, front edge secretes mucus to glide across, TORSION (twisting or larval body to bring anus towards mouth), single, coiled shell, slugs and nudibranchs do not have shells and de-torsion,some snails are eaten, many snails are intermediate hosts for parasitic worms,
        
        PREDATORY GASTROPODS - CONE SHELLS - use radula to inject extremely lethal venom into prey, produces paralysis quickly flowed by death, prized by collectors but have to be carefully handled NUDIBRANCHS - brightly colored , feathery dorsal tentacles, some float near surface and eat Sea Jellies, others crawl through coral reefs and eat sponges, anemones, and corals, cnidocytes are undigested and untriggered, migrate to dorsal tentacles, use cnidocytes for extra protection
        
        CEPHALOPODA - all live in oceans, well-developed head w/ concentration of nerves, mantle only covers visceral mass, highly developed nervous system, giant nerve cells (AXONS) used to investigate how nerve impulses traveled, foot has been modified into multiple prehensile tentacles used to gather food, octopus has 8, squid has 10 (2 longer, 8 shorter), tentacles have sucked to handle prey, suckers can taste, have a tube-like siphon near front of mantle, can swim quickly by pulling water in mantle and squirting it out siphon, have a gland with dark ink, ink impairs smell, taste, and visibility, are visually oriented, sharp vision
        
        COLOR CHANGE - both squid and octopuses can change color to camoflouge themselves, this ability is based on as many as 30,000 pigment cells per square inch of skin, control these cells directly from nervous system, can change in less than a second, some species have complex visual language, cephalopods are easily as intelligent as dogs, significant predators, hunt in packs, use suction cups, pads, or hooks on tentacles to seize prey, hemocyanin (copper based blood), blood id blue, this makes them lacking in stamina,
        
        CHAMBERED NAUTILUS - only living cephalopods with a shell, posterior of shell has gas-filled tanks, can adjust buoyancy to float at ant depth,
        
        HUMBOLT SQUID - 6 feet long, a hundred pounds, highly aggressive and highly intelligent, hunt in packs, fishermen in Sea of Cortez call them Diablos Rojos, will attack humans
        
        GIANT SQUID - sometimes referred to as the Kraken, largest animals w/o a backbone, 40 ft on washed up in New Zealand in 1933, first one alive seen in Japan 2005, June 2019 first seen in U.S. COLOSSAL SQUID - most massive animals w/o a backbone, one caught in Antarctica weighed over 1,000 pounds
        
        OCTOPUSES - solitary hunters of coral reefs and rocky shores, can squeeze into tiny cracks and crevices, used in many studies in learning, high intelligence, content to live in confined spaces, solve mazes readily, learn quickly, remember what they learned, use siphon as a tool, display distinct personality traits, often given names, often engage in play (repetitive behavior unrelated to food or reproduction), octupuses sleep in a metabolic sense, similar to REM,
        
        BIVALVIA - most in oceans but many in freshwater too, great size range, greatly reduce head, no radula, mantle envelops entire body, spade-like foot, extend out of shells to use to dig, sophisticated sensory organs, detect touch, chemical changes, and light, bivalves get name bc they live in a pair of heavy calcium carbonate shells, shells hinged on elastic ligament, held shut by contracting powerful adductor muscles, (CALLED SCALLOPS), some have powerful glue on shells to hold shut, 1,000 lbs/in2, are filter feeders, mantle forms TWO SIPHONS (one for intake and one for outflow), typically sessile feeders, picks food out of water that flows over gills, can filter 6 gallons of water per day,
        
        REPRODUCTION - separate sexes, fertilization is external, sperm and eggs released into water, sperm swims to egg, larval mortality is great, must produce vast numbers, (a giant clam can produce a billion eggs at a time), oysters, clams, mussels, and scallops eaten as shellfish, satiny inner layer of shell called mother-of-pearl, harvested to make inlays and buttons, in sand or other partivle gets inside shells, inner layer secrets layers around it and forms pearl, Columbus found many pearl oysters, were highly prized in 15th cent Europe, Spain continued to make expeditions to the New World for these pearls
        
        ZEBRA MUSSELS - aggressive invasive species in North American lakes and rivers, introduced from Russia, size of fingernail, a few dumped in Lake St. Clair near Detriot and have spread to Tennessee and Ohio rivers, seen in Knox, require hard surface to attach to, seldom occur below 60 ft, only feed during warmer months, reproduce at astonishing rate, clog intake pipes, build colonies on top of native species which kills them off, could eliminate all native species eventually,
        
        NATIVE FRESHWATER MUSSELS - drainage of Tennessee River home to richest diversity of freshwater mussel species, Clinton TN was a major international pearl market, males release sperm into water, filter out by females, fertilization inside shells, larvae less than 0.1 in long, called GLOCHIDIA released by females, glochidia parasitic on fish, shells have teeth on margins, females of many species have portion of mantle adapted to draw fish by for glochidia to latch on to, glochidia latches onto gills of fish and forms cysts, draw nourishment from fish, carried around, eventually drop off and become adults, larvae of each mussel species has a particular host species, (Purple Lilliput attach to Green Sunfish or Longear Sunfish)
        
        ROTIFERS - freshwater, posterior foot, cylindrical, microscopic, multicellular, smaller than ciliates, coelom between endoderm and mesoderm, CORONA (cilia around mouth), sweep food into mouth, used for swimming, pharynx w/ jaws called MASTAX that grinds food, PARTHENOGENIC (unfertilized eggs develop into adult females), no males
        
        ANNELIDA - SEGMENTED WORMS, 2/3 live in Oceans, cylindrical body, tube within a tube, coelom entirely within mesoderm, complete one-way digestive track suspended within coelom, coelom surrounded by muscular body wall, segmented, body made up of a number of identical units, all fundamentally segmented, modification of segments is secondary, each segment is capable of independent motion, complex movements but efficient, segment may have own set of organs, damage to segment non-fatal because other segments may have same organs,SETAE - CHARACTERISTIC OF ANNELIDS, retractable bristles made of chitin, occur on almost all segments, extend setae to burrow and anchor themselves in dirt. MOVEMENT - alternately contract sets of circular and longitudinal muscles, circular muscles make segments become long and thin and setae are retracted, longitudinal make body short and thick and setae are extended,
        
        3 PRINCIPLE FEATURES - 1) Repeated Segments - excretory and locomotor organs in each segment, excretory system based on nephridia, segments separated by septa, coelom is hydrostatic skeleton, each segment can move, fast powerful movement, 2) Specialized Segments - most species have modified body into distinct groups of segments with a specialized purpose, i.e. complex eyes and tentacles in marine annelids, 3) Connections between Segments - integrate body functions, allow animal to function as coordinated unit. 4 SYSTEMS LINK SEGMENTS - 1) Ventral Nervous System - connects clusters of nerves called ganglia in each segments to the brain. 2) Closed Circulatory System - blood propelled by series of 5 hearts, carries food and oxygen 3) Digestive Track - runs from mouth in first seg to anus in last. 4) Longitudinal Muscles - continuous through entire body
        
        OLIGOCHAETES (EARTHWORMS) - range in size, each segment has one pair of retractable setae, almost all live in freshwater or land, larger # of nearly identical segments, no parapodia, do not have distinctive head, sense organs in anterior segments, sensitive to light and vibrations, hermaphrodites, band near head called a clitellum, this secretes thick mucus, mucus holds mating worms together and forms cocoon to protect eggs, adults exchange sperm and both lay eggs, digestive track is long tube, mouth is round opening, no jaws, pharynx behind mouth pulls in anything small enough to fit in mouth, food ground up in gizzard filled with grit, long intestines to extract as much nutrients as possible, poop called castings, fertilize soil, "intestines of the earth", losen and aerate topsoil, eat through soil, most topsoil is poop, replace topsoil every two years
        
        POLYCHAETES - oldest group of Annelids, most annelids are polychaetes, trochophore larvae, often brightly colored, live in oceans, abundant in coral reefs and around deep sea vents, important links in food chain, highly specialized head with jaws, antennae, tentacles, and eyes, body is series of segments, posterior segments usually used for sexual reproduction, sexes are separate, external fertilization in water, Palolo Worms spawn 2nd or 3rd day after 3rd quarter of the moon in Oct or Nov, these segments of worms break off and form gelatinous soup in water, anterior stays in burrows, these sex segments eaten in many countries,
        
        PARAPODIA - fleshly paddle like flaps w/ tufts of bristle like setae (CHARACTERISTIC), most segments have a pair of these, used for locomotion, also usually have feathery gills, some species move actively, are predators and scavengers (Clam Worms), some species live in tubes they constructed of hardened mucus, mud, sand, or calcium carbonate, called Tube Worms, filter feeders, GIANT TUBE WORMS - larger colonies near thermal vents, no mouth or guts, 8 ft long, fed by endosymbiotic chemolithotrophs
        
        HIRUDINEA (LEECHES) - many species are aquatic, some are terrestrial, toothed jaws in mouth, active predators, some are external parasites of aquatic and sometimes terrestrial animals, powerful anticoagulant, used in medicine, removed "bad blood", anticoagulant gene has been cloned, implanted into canola, used to dissolve blood clots, used in medicine again today
    - - SCYPHOZOA (SEA JELLIES) - most in oceans, no large colonies, medusa larger and more complex stage of life, highly adapted to environment, male and female medusae, external fertilization, simple structure, reproduce quickly, fill ecological vacuums, 1/3 biomass in oceans, predators, cnidocytes in tentacles (NOMURA'S JELLYFISH - very big)
      - CUBOZOA (BOX JELLIES) - medusa is box shaped, strong swimmers, feed on fish, extremely toxic poison, Chironex fleckeri (most toxic in world)
      - HYDROZOANS - oceanic, polyp and medusae, typically colonial, each polyp specialized
        
        HYDRA - no medusa, freshwater PORTUGUESE MAN O' WAR - not jellyfish, poisonous and very painful, polyp colony, gas-filled float
      - ANTHOZOA (ANEMONES AND CORALS) - plant-like structure, trunk w/ tentacles, shallow warm water, NO MEDUSAE. Sea Anemones - soft-bodied, thick muscular trunk, live as individuals, costal waters Stony Corals - small polyps, secrete skeleton of calcium carbonate from base, polyps grow on top of others, form reefs, demanding habitat, need clear salt water, many zooxanthellae, large colonies, budding, external fertilization, a reef is lime stone ridge, formed by stony corals and coralline algae, supports ecological community, rainforests of oceans, 1/3 of fish live in one
- - - - REPRODUCTION - produce spores, hyphae of two different mating types grow together and fuse, fungi haploid nucleus coexist (dikaryotic)
        
        ECOLOGOCAL IMPORTANCE - fungi produce diseases, white nose syndrome (bats), antibiotics, used in foods (cheese), principle decomposers, nutrient recyclers, capable of breaking down cellulose (in plants) and lignin (trees), can decompose things like leather, cloth, fresh food, paint, wax, jet fuel, intolerant to poor air quality, fungal mycelia bind soil and protect from erosion,
- - - - ECOLOGOCAL IMPORTANCE - fungi produce diseases, white nose syndrome (bats), antibiotics, used in foods (cheese), principle decomposers, nutrient recyclers, capable of breaking down cellulose (in plants) and lignin (trees), can decompose things like leather, cloth, fresh food, paint, wax, jet fuel, intolerant to poor air quality, fungal mycelia bind soil and protect from erosion,