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Eukaryotes (SAR (AVEOLATES (APICOMPLEXA (Apical Complex, Immobile,…

- - - - Apical Complex, Immobile, Parasites
        
        Toxoplasma gondii - cats are definitive host, spread through cat feces, 2nd host is birds and mice, but all warm blooded organisms can get this, changes behavior of mice, can change neurological behavior in humans as well
        
        Plasmodium Spp. - Produce malaria in humans, Anopheles female mosquito is definitive host, pulled into human liver, enter blood stream, explode red blood cells through reproduction,
    - - Single cell, Mostly in Oceans, 1/3 photosynthetic, 2/3 heterotrophic, reddish-brown color, peduncle (ingest food), 2 flagella (perpendicular), makes them spin, many are bioluminescent (startles predator or burglar alarm), zooxanthellae, red tides (deadly poison), Pfiesteria piscuida
        
        Pfiesteria piscuida - red tide species, paralyze fish, bleeding sores, bosted by agricultural waste or overfishing removal of predator, particularly troublesome
    - - single-cell, cilia, freshwater, oral grove, heterotrophs, pellicle macronucleus (sex) and micronucleus (everything else)
  - - - Single cell, shell of calcium carbonate, pseudopods, abundant in oceans, important food source, form sediment on ocean floor, distinctive shells, helps date rocks, chal
  - - - photosynthetic, singe celled, green, overlapping glass shells, centric and pennate, cell division, glass shells decrease in size, sexually reproduce after 30% smaller, shed cells when die, forms diatomaceous earth
    - - freshwater, damp terrestrial habitats, heterotrophs, filamentous body, external digestion, decomposers
        
        Downy Mildew of Grapes and Late Blight of Potatoes
    - - brown or green, multicellular, cell walls, oceans, intertidal zone,cells reinforced with polysaccharides, Algin (emulsifier), kelps (complex)(stipe, holdfast, blade)
- - - - blood parasites in mammals
        
        Chagas Disease - Spread by kissing bugs, parasite in bugs saliva, Latin America, Infect Human bloodstream
        
        Sleeping Sickness - Africa, Tsetse Fly, Outnumber Red Blood Cells, Infect Brain, Induce Coma, and Death, Does not kill wildlife only humans, Nagana is a form of this that kills cattle, these trypanosomes scare off humans and preserve nature
- - - - share a common ancestor with plants, shallow waters, grow on other things
    - - photosynthetic organisms, most conspicuous organism on land, chlorophyll a, multicellular, cells have cellulose walls
        
        PLANT LIFE CYCLE: Alternation of Generation: Sporophytes (produce spores), Gametophytes (antheridia and archegonia), Zygote (fertilized egg), reproductive cells
      - POLYSPORANGIOPHYTES (vascular) (roots, steams, leaves)(xylem {lignin}{water} and phloem(food),
        
        HORSETAILS
        
        leaves are megaphylls, scouring rushes, damp habitats, sporophytes less than 1 meter tall, above-ground stem (hollow, jointed, ribbed, photosynthetic, ring of branches at joint), ribs enforced with silica, cones
        
        FERNS
        
        largest vascular plant species, tropical, vary in size, tree ferns, sporophytes are nutritionally independent, rhizome, roots, above ground leaves, fronds (megaphyll leaves), sporangia in clusters called sori (underside of fronds), gametophytes looks like a heart, huge number of spores, first to colonize new areas, cyanobacteria living in leaves
        
        CLUB MOSSESS
        
        not real mosses, roots, rhizomes, above-ground stems, leaves are microphylls (only 1 xylem and phloem), spores on tip of microspores called a cone, rich in oil, repel water, flammable, spores blow in wind, gametophyte has no roots, phloem, or xylem, free-living, make sperm and egg, zygote becomes rapidly independent
        
        SEED PLANTS
        
        seed in ripened ovule, In seed (embryo sporophyte, supply of food, tough, waterproof shell), stored food makes seeds heavy, gymnosperm (pollen interacts w/ ovules), angiosperm (ovules enclosed, no direct sperm interaction)
        
        ANGIOSPERMS (FLOWERING PLANTS)
        
        ovules produced inside carpel, 90% of plants, vegetables are flowering plants, 25% of lumber, linen and cotton, cooking oil, spices, medicines, beverages, sporophyte is dominant phase, heterosporous (micro{m} and macrospores{f})
        
        Anthers house microsporangia called pollen sacs, these house developing male gametophytes (pollen), 2 cells in male gametophyte (Tube cell and Generative Cell), no antheridium, ovules produced in carpel, ovules consist of a nucellus (megasporangium) and integuments (protective tissue), female gametophyte called an embryo sac ( 7 cells, 8 nuclei, no archegonium)(EGG AND CENTRAL CELL{2 nuclei}), pollen grain porduces pollen tube, delivers 2 sperm in embryo sac, one sperm fertilizes, 2nd sperm enters central cell, fuses with 2 nuclei, becomes trimloid and froms endosperm, this is food source for growing seed
        
        MONOCOT SEEDS - small, dry, GRAIN, starch-rich, easy to store, historically important
        DICOT SEEDS - most flowering plants, 2 seed leaves absorb endosperm and become cotyledons, called dicots, legumes, high-protein
        FRUITS - ovary walls develop into fruit as seeds ripen, sugar-rich, animals lured to eat fruit by color or smell, their feces carry seeds since not digestable
        
        PARTS OF A FLOWER - Sepal(bottom of flower, leaf-like, calyx), Petals (bright, colorful, attract pollinators, corolla), Stamen (male, stalk called filament, anther on top that produces pollen {microspores}, androecium), Carpel (female, innermost part, vase-shaped, stigma {pollen trap}, style {connects s and o}, ovary {contains ovules}, ovules produce megaspores, gynoecium), flowers provide extra pollen and nectar to attract more pollinators,
        
        GINKGOES (GYMNOSPERM)
        
        Ginkgo Biloba is only remaining species, similar to pre-historic gingkoes, thought to be extinct in wild, found in Chinese forest, tree is sporophyte, fan-shaped leaf, fine branched veins, dichotomously branched, deciduous, drop leaves quickly, produces seeds or pollen (male or female trees), seeds smell like rancid butter, resistant to air polution
        
        CYCADS (GYMNOSPERM
        
        sporophyte resembles palm tree, produces seed and pollen cones, mostly tropical, parts are toxic or carcinogenic, pollen transported by beetles, first plant to be pollenated by insects
        
        CONIFERS (GYMNOSPERM)
        
        produce seeds in cones, largest group of gymnosperms, 1/3 of forests, cold dry areas, high elevation, 75% of world's lumber, softwood, rosin, tar, pitch, turpentine,
        
        PINE TREES - most widespread conifer, thick bark, needle leaves (megaphylls), sporophyte body contains resin (used as a scab), evergreen, spores in cones (strobilli), microspores (small/soft cones, microsporangium for gametphyte), microspore with pollen called a pollen grain, megaspores (woody, spiked, ovules on surface, made up of nucellus {megasporangium in plants} 2 archegonium, nucellus surrounded by integuments
        
        PINE SEXUAL REPORDUCTION - pollen cones and seed cones on same tree, wind spreads pollen, huge amount of pollen, scales of seed cone open for pollen, pollen grain produces a pollen tube, delivers 2 sperm, 15 months for pollen tube to fully grow to archegonium, 1 sperm fertilizes, the other disintegrates, ovules remains attached to cone, fully ripen after 2 years, scales of cone open, winged seed flies out
      - BRYOPHYTES (non-vascular)
        
        MOSSES
        
        most successful non vascular plant, gametophyte conspicuous phase, rhizoids, must stay moist, slow growers, dense colonies, cushiony or feathery, splash cup, sporophyte has food in archegonium
        
        moss beds are water wicks, early stages of soil formation, peat moss abundant in arctic, vast amount of carbon,
    - - Also green algae, filamentous colonies or single celled, no flagella, conjugation, Spirogyra spp. (spiral chloroplasts)
    - - green algae, chlorophyll, freshwater, oceans, damp terrestrial habitats, phytoplankton, single cells (nonmotile and motile)(two flagella, eyespot rhodopsin), or colonies (filamentous, joined end-to-end, or spherical cells held in a jelly, collective efforts of all cells in the colony), or seaweeds (Caulerpa spp., rhizoids, stem, and leaves, fragmentation, ecological plasticity, invasive, toxic, noxious weed)
- - - - common inhabitants of leaf litter on ground, feed as plasmodium (streaming multicellular mass of yellow slime), amoeboid movement, grows as long as environment is favorable, will move if habitat becomes unfavorable, attracted to heat and light, divides into lumps for reproduction, each will have a stalk, spores released from top of stalk, very resistant to harsh environments,
    - - multicellular but each cell lives separately, live as a herd, free-living, when environment becomes unfavorable will engage in sexual reproduction, can attract other separated cells by a signal, together they form a slug, move together, slug forms stalk and spores (spread by wind), pair of amoebas form a zygote, zygote attracts other cells and eats them, then zygote produces new heard, cell-to-cell recognition,
    - - Entamoeba Histolytica - live in large intestines, eat prokaryotes in gut, leaves cysts, seen in unsanitary areas, invades cells that line your gut and dissolve them, amoebic dysentery
    - - single-celled, damp terrestrial habitats, or aquatic environments, heterotrophic, pseudopods