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AFRICAN NATIONALISM (Jomo Kenyatta (Hostility to white people led…
AFRICAN NATIONALISM
Jomo Kenyatta
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1948-51- toured and lectured around country campaigning return land given to white settlers and independence in 3 years
October 1952- arrested (leader of Kikuyu) accused of ‘managing and being a member’ of Mau Mau society
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‘When the missionaries arrived, the Africans had the land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught us how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible’- Kenyatta
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Defence lawyer argued white settlers scapegoat Kenyatta- no evidence tying him to Mau Mau BUT sentenced 1953 to 7-years imprisonment with hard labour
Developed education, authored books e.g. Facing Mount Kenya (fight independence of Kenya)
1929- visit London turned into 17-year stay (visit Moscow, interest in communism)
1920s- worked as clerk in Nairobi joined Kikuyu Central Association (KCA)- defend Kikuyu land-holdings encroached upon by white settlers
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Kenyatta initially Prime Minister BUT 1964- country became Republic became President (held for 14 years until death)
Brought gradual Africanisation of the government- kept colonial civil servants in positions until replaced by Kenyans
Forged prosperous capitalist state- oversaw peaceful land reform process, failed mould Kenya into homogenous multi-ethnic state
Ensure Kikuyu dominance- placed Kikuyu in powerful state and security offices enjoyed wealthy life-style and persecuted political opponents
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Nelson Mandela
1956-61- arrested and trialed for treason (involvement in ANC, banned in 1960)
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1961- co-founded the militant Umkhonto weSizwe (Spear of the Nation), ANC’s armed wing and led sabotage campaign against apartheid government
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1962- secretly left South Africa, travelled Africa and visited England gain support for armed struggle
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July 1962- returned to South Africa, arrested and charged leaving country without permit inviting workers to strike
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Determined achieve equal rights for black people and end apartheid regime established in South Africa in 1948
20th April 1964- ‘I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities’
June 1964- Mandela and 7 others sentenced life imprisonment on Robben Island, off Cape Town ( served 27 years)
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Apolo Milton Obote
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1963- Governor-General replaced by ceremonial Presidency of Mutesa, King of Buganda- Obote held power
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Ruled in arbitrary way- power maintained by Ugandan military under control of Idi Amin (Kenyans forced out leadership)
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1966- accusations of gold-smuggling, suspended constitution and declared himself President
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Members of cabinet (leaders of rival fractions) arrested and detained without charge- Mutesa forced flee into exile
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1967- parliament agreed new constitution which abolished federal structure established on independence
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Example of nationalist leader genuine commitment to people’s freedom tainted by power leading to post-colonial violence and corruption
Kwame Nkrumah
Figurehead for African nationalism- gathered coterie of African, Caribbean and Black American intellectuals and politicians coordinate various African independence movements
Political philosophy shared by African nationalists and intellectuals in more advanced countries e.g. Britain
Pan-Africanism- idea African peoples should work together politically for their collective common good- Nkrumah founder member Organization of African Unity (represented states across Africa dedicated improving lives of Africans, disbanded in 2002 replaced by African Union) in 1963
Marxist socialism- redistribution of wealth to give poor control over their own destinies, did NOT align himself with communist world or USSR, argued British Empire served the interests of international capitalists responsible for poverty, inequality and oppression throughout Africa- British rule was exploitative and outdated form of government holding Africa back
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Responsible leadership- understood importance of developing working relationship with British to gain confidence and support to establish stable state
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1948- imprisoned and built popularity form new political group, Convention People’s Party (CPP)
1947- invited become General Secretary of United Gold Coast Convention (UGGC)- established by J.B Danquah (goal of national independence)
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Educated in Catholic mission school and government teacher training college- product of colonial institutions
Nnamdi Azikiwe
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Nigeria divided on religious and ethnic grounds: North- ½ population largely Muslim (dominated by Hausa and Fulani) West- dominated by Yoruba, East- dominated by Ibo
Creation of independent Nigeria demanded federal solution- work with nationalist rivals and British create viable stable Nigerian state
Emerged as champion of Nigerian nationalism in 1940s- created National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in 1944 becoming leader
Azikiwe prevent colony sliding into anarchy and breaking up- independence in 1960 (deal with NPC- established Nigeria’s 1st government as President)
Strong sense of African nationalism- journalist in Gold Coast and 1937 Lagos, Nigeria
Compromise and win trust of committed nationalists and British crucial facilitating peaceful transition to independence
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Persuaded British possible for various regional ethnic groups work successfully with federal system and British imperial rule NOT essential to avoid ethnic conflict and civil war
Facts
Search for African 'nationalism' (as a shared consciousness within colonial boundaries) involves European models of territorial nationalism as measurements
Nationalism in the African context frequently meant heightened struggles between emergent or pre-existing groups e.g. ethnic, religious, regional or socioeconomic
Nationalist movement were actually largely confined to protect the interests of a particular region, group
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Could take the form of: political associations, trade unionism, militant Christianity, Islam, negritude and pan-Africanism
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NATIONALISM
West Africa
Congress’ demands for greater representation ignored but concessions granted in 1920s nationalists outnumbered by appointed (than elected) African chiefs from interior of colonies on legislative councils
Greater education opportunities and colonial administrations win local support by increasing employment opportunities new young nationalist leaders emerged in 1930s
Activists dominated by educated elite in Gold Coast and movement supported by black middle-class lawyers, teachers and doctors whom European educated
West African Students’ Union (WASU) founded in 1925 brought together students from West African countries studying in London and growing nationalism in India inspired radicalism e.g. Azikiwe and Nkrumah from Gold Coast
Promoted growth political activists hold meeting in Africa to found National Congress of West Africa in 1919
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Nigeria, Gambia, Sierra Leone and Gold Coast had legislative councils pre-1914- powers limited and African representation minimal
1945- Pan African Congress convened in Manchester called for ‘autonomy and independence’ of black Africa
East Africa
Jomo Kenyatta joined in 1922 and movement broadened into campaign for African rights and representation as East Africa Association
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1921- founded East African Association, larger representative organisation
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Harry Thuku developed 1st East African political protest movements- involved in formation of Young Kikuyu, non-militant organisation set recover Kikuyu lands lost when Kenya became British Crown Colony in 1920
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What?
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Based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states in the 19th and 20th centuries
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