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PROKARYOTIC CELL (INTERNAL STRUCTURE (CYTOPLASM (CONSIST OF (20% substance…

- - - - May contain genes that enhance the survival of an organism, either by
        
        killing other organisms
        
        Defending the host cell by producing toxins
      - Some of plasmids facilitate the process of replication in bacteria
      - May express antibiotic resistance gene.
  - - - Control activity of the cell and reproduction.
      - Have enzymes within it that serve as biological catalyst and help with replication.
  - - - site for chemical reaction
        
        anabolic
        
        catabolic
    - - 80% water
      - 20% substance dissolved or suspended
        
        lipids
        
        inorganic ion
        
        carbohydrates
        
        proteins
        
        enzymes
  - - - site for protein synthesis
    - - RNA
      - protein
- - - - a) Monotrichous: single flagellum can extend from one end of the cell.
      - b) Amphitrichous: single flagellum on both sides.
      - c) Lophotrichous: multiple flagella located at the same spot on bacteria surface.
      - d) Pertrichous: have flagella projecting in all directions.
      - Atrichous: flagella absent.
    - - a) Filament- lies external to cell.
      - b) Hook- Embedded in the cell enveloped.
      - c) Basal body: attached to the cytoplasmic membrane by ring-like structures.
    - - Chemotaxis
        
        The movement in a direction corresponding to a gradient of increasing or decreasing concentration of a particular substance.
        
        +ve toward a higher concentration of chemical
        
        -ve move in opposite direction
      - Phototaxis
        
        -ve away from light
        
        +ve toward the light
  - - - Fimbriae
        
        Short pilus that used to attach the bacterium to a surface
        
        Located at the poles of a cell or are evenly spread over its entire surface.
      - Conjugative Pili
        
        allow for the transfer of DNA between bacteria
        
        sex pili to sexual reproduction.
  - - - enhances the ability of bacteria to cause disease
      - considered a virulence factor
      - protects the cell when it is engulfed by other organism
- - - - Gram-negative less sensitive to the penicillin
    - - Certain viruses can bind into receptor as first step to infect the bacterium
  - - - Key to identify different gram-negative bacteria
      - Lipid A protein responsible for gram-negative infection causing serious medical infection
        
        Diluted blood vessel causing blood pressure drops
        
        Causing fever
      - Repeating side chain that extend outward of the organism
    - - Not broken down
- - - - Jelly-like fluid that fills a cell and is made up of mostly water and salt.
      - Most of the important activities of the cell occur in the cytoplasm. Cytoplasm contains molecules such as enzymes which are responsible for breaking down waste
      - also aid in metabolic activity.
      - responsible for giving a cell its shape.
      - Cytoplasm helps to fill out the cell and keeps organelles in their place.
      - Cytosol is the part of the cytoplasm confined by the boundaries of a matrix which fills the part of the cell that does not contain organelles.
    - - contains the majority of the cell's genetic material. This material is organized as DNA molecules, along with a variety of proteins, to form chromosomes.
      - fully-enclosed nuclear membrane
      - The nucleus is made up of a double membrane nuclear envelope that keeps the entire organelle encased, isolating its contents from the rest of the cell, and the nucleoskeleton which supports the cell as a whole.
      - The nucleus maintains the security of the genes and controls the functions of the entire cell by regulating gene expression.
      - small holes called nuclear pores dot the surface area of the envelope to regulate the transport of those molecules by carrier proteins embedded in the double layer of the membrane.
      - nucleus govern gene expression and facilitate DNA replication during the cell cycle.
    - - can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
      - The location of the ribosomes in a cell determines what kind of protein it makes.
      - a cell structure that makes protein that is needed for many cell functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes.
      - If the ribosomes are floating freely throughout the cell, it will make proteins that will be utilized within the cell itself.
      - When ribosomes are attached to endoplasmic reticulum, it is referred to as rough endoplasmic reticulum or rough ER and are used for usage inside the cell or outside the cell.
    - - Tiny sacs filled with fluid containing digestive enzymes
      - Function
        
        Completely breakdown cells that have died (autolysis)
        
        Breakdown ‘digestion’ of materials from inside the cell (autophagy).
        
        Release enzyme outside of the cells (exocytosis).
    - - Organelles in the cell that are membrane bound and contain enzymes crucial for metabolic activity.
      - Function
        
        involved in oxidation reactions in the cell
        
        involved in lipid production
        
        providing metabolic energy
    - - An organelle unique to plant cells that contains chlorophyll
      - Function
        
        Enabling photosynthesis to occur.
    - - forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae.
      - Type
        
        Smooth
        
        lipid (fat) manufacture and metabolism and steroid production hormone
        
        Rough
        
        studded with ribosomes
        
        involved with the production, folding, despatch of some proteins
    - - double-membrane bound organelle
      - known as the powerhouses of the cell which produce energy
    - - chamber surrounded by a membrane
      - function to hold various solution or materials
    - - made of filamentous proteins
      - Function
        
        provides mechanical support that enable cells to carry out essential functions like division and movement
        
        structure that helps celles maintain their shape and internal organization
    - - made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae.
      - function
        
        responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations.
      - primary compartment
        
        cis
        
        cisternae nearest the endoplasmic reticulum
        
        medial
        
        central layer of cisternae
        
        trans
        
        cisternae farthest from endoplasmic reticulum
  - - - A selectively permeable lipoprotein bilayer that forms the boundary between the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell and its environment
      - greater variety of lipids compared to prokaryotes
      - contain sterols
        
        keeping membranes intact
        
        add rigidity to a membrane
      - larger size
        
        eukaryotic cells have a much lower surface-to-volume ratio than prokaryotic cells
        
        volume of cytoplasm enclosed by a membrane increases
        
        membrane is placed under greater stress
        
        sterols help it withstand the stress
      - less versatile than prokaryotic
        
        function has been taken over by another organelles
    - - Function
        
        give cells rigidity
        
        protect them from bursting when water moves into them from the environment
      - Algal
        
        consist mainly of cellulose
        
        some contain other polysaccharides
      - Fungi
        
        consist of
        
        chitin
        
        cellulose
        
        both
      - Protozoans
        
        pellicles
- - - - transport substances against a concentration gradient
      - cell expends energy from ATP
      - via carrier protein helps by ion,acessories protein and enzymes
  - - - net movement of particles from a region of higher to lower concentration
      - EXPLAINATION
        
        random movement of particles
        
        collide with other randomly moving particles
        
        move at high velocity
        
        Fewer particles move in the opposite direction
        
        they are likely to be repelled by collision with particles from a region of high concentration.
        
        There are fewer of them in regions of low concentration to begin with
        
        length of time required for particles to diffuse across a cell increases with cell diameter
      - FACTORS AFFECTING
        
        solubility of the diffusing substance in lipid
        
        temperature
        
        Difference between the highest and lowest concentration of the diffusing substance
      - SUBSTANCES
        
        Nonpolar substances such as steroids and gases (CO2, O2)
        
        nonpolar fatty acid tails of the membrane phospholipids.
        
        Ions
        
        pores(semipermeable)
    - - diffusion down a concentration gradient and across a membrane with the assistance of special pores or carrier molecules
      - via carrier protein
    - - the net flow of water molecules from a region of higher concentration of water molecules to a region of lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane
      - Osmotic pressure
        
        the pressure required to prevent the net flow of water by osmosis
      - tonicity
        
        hypertonic
        
        net movement of water is from the cell to the environment
        
        cell shrink and shrivel
        
        hypotonic
        
        net movement of water is into the cell
        
        cell swell and burst
        
        isotonic
        
        equal amount of water movement
    - - move substances down a concentration gradient
      - no energy