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Infant with Sickle Cell Anemia (cell structures (DNA (Chromosomes…
Infant with Sickle Cell Anemia
direct
Inherited trait from parent
single nucleotide error in DNA
genetic condition resulting person to produce sickle shaped red blood cells
low red blood cell count (anemia)
Indirect
Nucleotide mutation DNA sequence
Exposed hydrophobic region in Secondary and Tertiary Structures
Clumped Hemoglobin
Oxygen intake is low
Sickle Cells are stiff & don't pass easily through small blood vessels leading to blockage
Lymphatic System
damaged spleen
causing bacteria
life threatening
Background
Cell Structures and Organelles
Red Blood Cells
hemoglobin
four peptide bonds
a-helix and b sheets
Normal shape is disc shaped and flexible
abnormal cell: sickle shaped & stiff
Also known as erythrocytes
Lysosomes
Cell membrane
Cytosol
Centrioles
Macromolecules
Protein
cells membrane
lysosomes
large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids
Sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding
nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Long strands of nucleotides
nitrogen base
adenine
Guanine
Thymine
cytosine
Phosphate group
Ribose Sugar
Carbohydrate
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Monosaccharides
Ex: glucose
Intracellular
Disaccharides
Ex: Lactose
Polysaccharides
Ex: Glycogen
Sugars and Starches
Lipids
Fats
nonpolar
DNA
4 Nucleotides bases
A,T,G and C
chromoses
x-shaped structures
2 long chains
double helix
Amino Acids
building block proteins
20 kinds
amino= amine group (-NH2)
Acid= carboxylic acid group
Peptide bonds
cell structures
Red blood cells
Transport oxygen to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide to the lungs
hemoglobin
carries oxygen
Cytosol
liquid inside the cell, holds cell organelles
lysosomes
digestion of macromolecules
plasma membrane
separates the inside and outside of a cell
Macromolecules
Protein
polypeptide chains
Give cell its shape
Ex: Actin (cytoskeleton protein)
Help a cell perform chemical reactions
Ex: lipase (an enzyme that breaks down fats)
enable a cell to do its overall function
Ex:Hemoglobin
Nucleic Acid
store genetic information and enable protein production
determines traits and makes protein synthesis possible
Carbohydrate
source of energy of cellular metabolism
energy storage
integral part of DNA and RNA
Cell membrane receptors
Lipids
storing energy
signaling
hydrophobic
Centrioles
Cell division occurs
DNA
Genetic material of cell
Chromosomes
contains instructions that make the offspring unique
mitosis
Genetic instructions for the development and function of living things
amino acid sequences
chromatin
arrangement called beads on string
Nervous system
cerebral vessels
stroke
Cardiovascular System
blood vessels of lungs
acute chest syndrome
low oxygen
clogged blood flow
Urinary System
blood in urine
Skeletal System
clogged blood flow
bones of hands feel swelling pain and inflammation of your hands
anemia
deficiency of red blood cells
bone marrow increase
new bone formation
Expansion of skull
enlarged cheeks
Reproductive System
Vasculature of Penis (if male)
Painful and prolonge erection
Endocrine System
growth
delayed puberty
Protein Structure
Primary
the sequence of the amino acids in a protein
order line up amino acids
the amine groups and carboxylic acid groups of different amnio acids can attracted to each other
Secondary
a-helices (curly) and b-sheets (flat)
R group
functional group
biochemical properties
Personality of amino acid
Non polar, polar or electrically charged
Positive or negative
Tertiary
3-d shape
develops because of the interactions of the functional groups with each other
hydrogen bonds
hydrophobic attractions
non-polar covalent bond
disulfide bond
Ionic bonds
Quaternary
shape of all its amino acid chains interacting with each other
A protein must be in the right shape to be functional
Denatured
when protein loses its shape
can denature other proteins
Hydrophobic
afraid of water
Hydrophilic
attracted to water
Valine (hydrophobic) instead of Glutamate (hydrophilic) in amino acid sequence