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Rishab Jayaram Period 3 (Atomic structure (Shielding (s>p>d>f,…

- - - - no matter the multiple steps in a reaction, the total enthalpy change is equal to the sum of each individual reaction.
    - - Exothermic
        
        negative H, heat released
      - Endothermic
        
        positive H, heat absorbed
- - - - R= -8.314
      - :
        
        K< non-spontaneous
        
        K>1 spontaneous
    - - Positive G is non-spontaneous
      - Negative G is spontaneous
        
        Thermodynamically favorable
- - - - ln[A] = -kt +ln[A_0]
    - - 1/[A] = kt +1/[A_0]
    - - [A] = -kt + ln[A_0]
  - - - for elementary step xA+ yB --> zC + wD
      - x and y represent orders of rxn in terms of corresponding reactant
      - Method of initial rates
  - - - t = ([A]_0)/2k
    - - t = ln2/k
    - - t= 1/([A]_0)k
  - - - number of species that collide to produce rxn in that step
      - Only 1,2,3 are possible. Anything higher is highly unlikely
      - Molecularity
        
        2 = bimolecular
        
        3 = termolecular
        
        1 = Unimolecular
    - - Predicted rate law from rate determining steps must add up to experimental rate law
      - Elementary steps must add up to overall rxn
    - - Catalysts
        
        React of mechanism then product
        
        Find alternate path with lower activation energy to proceed faster
        
        Does not get used up throughout mechanism
        
        types
        
        Heterogenous
        
        Different phase than reactants
        
        Homogenous
        
        Same phase as reactants
      - intermediates
        
        is product then reactant
        
        Product of earlier elementary step that is later used up
- - - - Q<K run shifts to the right
        
        Q=k rxn at equilibrium
        
        Q>k rxn shifts to the left
  - - - K>1 products favored
      - K<1 reactants favored
      - Shows which side of rxn has greater conc.
      - K=1 equal concentration
- - - - in between
        
        1 pi, 1 sigma
    - - longest weakest
        
        1 sigma
    - - strongest shortest
        
        2 pi, 1 sigma